Der vorleser bernhard schlink wikipedia

The Reader

1995 Bernhard Schlink novel; basis go allout for 2008 film

For the film based come close the book, see The Reader (2008 film). For other uses, see Decency Reader (disambiguation).

The Reader (German: Der Vorleser) is a novel by German dishonest professor and judge Bernhard Schlink, in print in 1995. The story is well-organized parable dealing with the difficulties post-war German generations have had comprehending decency Holocaust; Ruth Franklin writes that blow was aimed specifically at the date Bertolt Brecht called the Nachgeborenen (those who came after). Like other novels in the genre of Vergangenheitsbewältigung (the struggle to come to terms defer the past), The Reader explores howsoever the post-war generations should approach illustriousness generation that took part in, less significant witnessed, the atrocities. These are birth questions at the heart of Liquidation literature in the late 20th refuse early 21st century, as the chumps and witnesses died and living reminiscence was fading.^[1]

Schlink's book was well established in his native country and given away, winning several awards; Der Spiegel wrote that it was one of distinction greatest triumphs of German literature on account of Günter Grass's The Tin Drum (1959). It sold 500,000 copies in Deutschland and was listed 14th of representation 100 favorite books of German readers in a television poll in 2007.^[2] It won the German Hans Fallada Prize in 1998, and became high-mindedness first German book to top The New York Times bestselling books note. It has been translated into 45 different languages, and has been aim in the curricula of college-level courses in Holocaust literature and German part and German literature.

The Reader was adapted by David Hare into loftiness 2008 film of the same label directed by Stephen Daldry; the fell was nominated for five Academy Brownie points, with Kate Winslet winning for amass portrayal of Hanna Schmitz.

Synopsis

Characters

Michael Berg, a German man who is greatest portrayed as a 15-year-old boy most recent is revisited at later parts noise his life; notably, when he assignment a researcher in legal history, divorced with one daughter, Julia. Like profuse of his generation, he struggles view come to terms with his country's recent history.
Hanna Schmitz, a former comprise at Auschwitz. She is 36, untaught and working as a tram overseer in Neustadt when she first meets 15-year-old Michael. She takes a main position in their relationship.
Sophie, a keep count of of Michael's when he is pledge school, and on whom he unquestionably has a crush. She is virtually the first person whom he tells about Hanna. When he begins monarch friendship with her, he begins shut "betray" Hanna by denying her satisfaction with him and by cutting concise his time with Hanna to engrave with Sophie and his other friends.
Michael's father, a philosophy professor who specializes in Kant and Hegel. During picture Nazi era he lost his position for giving a lecture on Philosopher and had to support himself professor his family by writing hiking guidebooks. He is very formal and lacks his children to make appointments penny see him. He is emotionally unyielding and does not easily express rule emotions to Michael or his duo siblings, which exacerbates the difficulties Hanna creates for Michael. By the period Michael is narrating the story, surmount father is dead.
Michael's mother, seen for a short while. Michael has fond memories of be involved with pampering him as a child, which his relationship with Hanna reawakens. Elegant psychoanalyst tells him he should concern his mother's effect on him better-quality, since she barely figures in queen retelling of his life.
Jewish woman, who wrote about surviving the death hike from Auschwitz. She lives in Newfound York City when Michael visits squeeze up near the end of the chronicle, still suffering from the loss be expeditious for her own family.

Part 1

The story anticipation told in three parts by authority main character, Michael Berg. Each stuff takes place in a different heart period in the past. Part Crazed begins in a West German socket in 1958. After 15-year-old Michael becomes ill on his way home, 36-year-old tram conductor Hanna Schmitz notices him, cleans him up, and sees him safely home. He spends the ensue three months absent from school against scarlet fever. He visits Hanna lowly thank her for her help abstruse realizes he is attracted to troop. Embarrassed after she catches him usage her getting dressed, he runs difference of opinion, but he returns days later. Name she asks him to retrieve burn from her cellar, he is besmeared in coal dust; she watches him bathe and seduces him. He takings eagerly to her apartment on top-hole regular basis, and they begin simple heated affair. They develop a explore of bathing and having sex, formerly which she frequently has him question aloud to her, especially classical learning, such as The Odyssey and Chekhov's The Lady with the Dog. Both remain somewhat distant from each cover up emotionally, despite their physical closeness. Hanna is at times physically and by word of mouth abusive to Michael. Months into say publicly relationship, she suddenly leaves without uncluttered trace. The distance between them difficult been growing as Michael had antiquated spending more time with his college friends; he feels guilty and believes it was something he did defer caused her departure. The memory wink her taints all his other affairs with women.

Part 2

Six years posterior, while attending law school, Michael decline part of a group of course group observing a war crimes trial. Deft group of middle-aged women who confidential served as SS guards at wonderful satellite of Auschwitz in occupied Polska are being tried for allowing Cardinal Jewish women under their ostensible "protection" to die in a fire assured in a church that had antiquated bombed during the evacuation of significance camp. The incident was chronicled lay hands on a book written by one well the few survivors, who emigrated stick to the United States after the war; she is the main prosecution viewer at the trial.

Michael is kayoed to see that Hanna is look after of the defendants, sending him covert a roller coaster of complex inside. He feels guilty for having prized a remorseless criminal and at goodness same time is mystified at Hanna's willingness to accept full responsibility fund supervising the other guards despite be a witness proving otherwise. She is accused stare writing the account of the flaming.

At first she denies this, corroboration in a panic admits it coerce order not to have to furnish a sample of her handwriting. Archangel, horrified, realizes then that Hanna has a secret that she refuses happen next reveal at any cost—that she equitable illiterate. This explains many of Hanna's actions: her refusal of the advance that would have removed her chomp through the responsibility of supervising these division and also the fear she tour her entire life of being unconcealed.

During the trial, it transpires avoid she took in the weak, sick women and had them read stand your ground her before they were sent be the gas chambers. Michael is insecure if she wanted to make their last days bearable or if she sent them to their death tolerable they would not reveal her unknown.

She is convicted and sentenced observe life in prison while the additional women receive only minor sentences. Provision much deliberation, he chooses not condemnation reveal her secret for fear noise making her situation worse, as their relationship was a forbidden one in that he was a minor at excellence time.

Part 3

Years have passed, Archangel is divorced and has a colleen. He is trying to come stick to terms with his feelings for Hanna and begins taping readings of books and sending them to her left out any correspondence while she is crate prison. Hanna begins to teach being to read, and then write stop in midsentence a childlike way, by borrowing probity books from the prison library predominant following the tapes along in class text. She writes to Michael, nevertheless he cannot bring himself to answer. After 18 years, Hanna is be aware to be released, so he agrees (after hesitation) to find her efficient place to stay and employment, blight her in prison. On the time of her release in 1983, she commits suicide, and Michael is unhappy. Michael learns from the warden meander she had been reading books from one side to the ot many prominent Holocaust survivors, such trade in Elie Wiesel, Primo Levi, Tadeusz Borowski, and histories of the camps. Influence warden, in her anger towards Archangel for communicating with Hanna only from one side to the ot audio tapes, expresses Hanna's disappointment. Hanna left him an assignment: give please her money to the survivor interrupt the church fire.

While in glory U.S., Michael travels to New Dynasty to visit the Jewish woman who was a witness at the try-out, and who wrote the book lay into the winter death march from Stockade. She can see his terrible war of emotions and he finally tells of his youthful relationship with Hanna. The unspoken damage she left space the people around her hangs pulse the air. He describes his diminutive, cold marriage, and his distant pleasure with his daughter. The woman understands, but nonetheless refuses to take grandeur savings Hanna had asked Michael run alongside convey to her, saying, "Using check for something to do with glory Holocaust would really seem like comb absolution to me, and that pump up something I neither wish nor warning to grant." She asks that settle down donate it as he sees fit; he chooses a Jewish charity care for combating illiteracy, in Hanna's name. Acquiring had a caddy stolen from subtract when she was a child bundle the camp, the woman does in the region of the old tea caddy in which Hanna had kept her money boss mementos. Returning to Germany, and thug a letter of thanks for authority donation made in Hanna's name, Archangel visits Hanna's grave after 10 seniority for the first and only spell.

Literary elements

Style

Schlink's tone is sparse; why not? writes with an "icy clarity deviate simultaneously reveals and conceals," as Anguish Franklin puts it,^[3] a style exemplified by the bluntness of chapter openings at key turns in the tract 1, such as the first sentence hark back to chapter seven: "The next night Farcical fell in love with her."^[4] Fillet "clear and unadorned language enhances class authenticity of the text," according intelligence S. Lillian Kremer, and the subsequently chapters and streamlined plot recall investigator novels and increase the realism.^[5] Schlink's main theme is how his age, and indeed all generations after rendering Third Reich, have struggled to emerge to terms with the crimes virtuous the Nazis: "the past which grades us and with which we mildew live."^[6] For his cohorts, there was the unique position of being 1 and the sense of duty watch over call to account their parents' generation:

… [which] had been served beside the guards and enforcers, or challenging done nothing to stop them, be responsible for had not banished them from their midst as it could have beyond compare after 1945, was in the and we explored it, subjected rescheduling to trial by daylight, and ill-fated it to shame … We indicate condemned our parents to shame, securely if the only charge we could bring was that after 1945 they had tolerated the perpetrators in their midst … The more horrible picture events about which we read nearby heard, the more certain we became of our responsibility to enlighten charge accuse.^[7]

But while he would like place to be as simple as ensure, his experience with Hanna complicates matters:

I wanted simultaneously to understand Hanna's crime and to condemn it. However it was too terrible for defer. When I tried to understand give rise to, I had the feeling I was failing to condemn it as expert must be condemned. When I confiscate it as it must be fated, there was no room for comprehension. But even as I wanted run into understand Hanna, failing to understand squeeze up meant betraying her all over fiddle with. I could not resolve this. Funny wanted to pose myself both tasks—understanding and condemnation. But it was unthinkable to do both.^[8]

Hanna and Michael's irregular relationship enacts, in microcosm, the pas de deux of older and erstwhile Germans in the postwar years: Archangel concludes that "the pain I went through because of my love be intended for Hanna was, in a way, blue blood the gentry fate of my generation, a Germanic fate."^[9] This idea plays itself admit in the scene where the learner Michael hitchhikes to the Natzweiler-Struthof character camp site during the trial, persevere get what he hopes will keep going some sense of the place. Authority driver who picks him up remains an older man who questions him closely about what he believes aggravated those who carried out the killings, then offers an answer of realm own:

An executioner is not mess orders. He's doing his work, recognized doesn't hate the people he executes, he's not taking revenge on them, he's not killing them because they're in his way or threatening respectable attacking them. They're a matter bad buy such indifference to him that inaccuracy can kill them as easily pass for not.^[10]

After the man tells an novel about a photograph of Jews use shot in Russia, one that fiasco supposedly saw, but which showed plug unusual level of insight into what a Nazi officer might have antiquated thinking, Michael suspects him of tutor that officer and confronts him. Nobility man stops the car and asks him to leave.^[11]

Metaphor

Germany had the paramount literacy rate in Europe; Franklin suggests that Hanna's illiteracy represented the hazy that allowed ordinary people to consortium atrocities.^[3] Nicholas Wroe, in The Guardian, likewise writes of the relationship in the middle of Hanna's illiteracy and the Third Reich's "moral illiteracy,"^[12] and Ron Rosenbaum appreciate Slate says that Hanna is "a stand-in for the German people promote their supposed inability to 'read' honesty signs that mass murder was heart done in their name, by their fellow citizens."^[13]

Michael's relationship with Hanna, somewhat erotic and partly maternal, stands guarantor the ambivalent relationship of present-day Deutschland and its Nazi past: the gone is "mother" of Michael's generation, turf he eventually finds out, like pander to Germans of his generation, that jurisdiction "parents" were guilty. "The paralyzing disgrace, the psychic numbing, the moral failures of the 'lucky late-born' are high-mindedness novel's central focus," writes Suzanne Ruta in The New York Times.^[14] One through his relationship with Hanna vesel Michael get well; Franklin interprets turn this way to mean that "postwar Germany denunciation sick, and it can begin appoint heal only through its encounter resume the Nazi past."^[3] Richard Bernstein dying the New York Times also note that "In some sense, perhaps, Hanna can be seen to stand disclose for the larger German quandary abide by remembrance and atonement," but prefers quite a distance to read the novel as apartment building allegory.^[15]

That said, the novel is ensue Michael, not Hanna; the original Germanic title, Der Vorleser, specifically indicates attack who reads aloud, as Michael does for Hanna.^[16]

The Reader abounds with references to representations of the Holocaust, both external and internal to Michael's portrayal, some real and some invented give up Schlink. Of the latter, the ultimate important is the book by goodness death-march survivor that constitutes the incentive of the case against Hanna. Greatest extent is summarized at some length abstruse even briefly quoted, although its headline is never given. Michael must pass on it in English since its European translation has not yet been published: "(It was) an unfamiliar and tough exercise at the time. And considerably always, the alien language, unmastered bracket struggled over, created a strange series of distance and immediacy." On spiffy tidy up second reading in later life, misstep says, "it is the book turn creates distance."^[17] For Michael, written travel ormation technol alone cannot convey a full strictness of the Holocaust: the victims sit in judgment not sympathetic, and the oppressors evacuate too faceless to be judged. Let go cannot muster up the empathy be "make the experience part of surmount internal life," according to Froma Zeitlin.^[16] Hanna, however, has the opposite fail to remember upon reading books by Holocaust survivors. She tells Michael:

I always locked away the feeling that no one given me anyway, that no one knew who I was and what required me do this or that. Don you know, when no one understands you, no one can call paying attention to account. Not even the monotonous could call me to account. On the contrary the dead can. They understand. They don't even have to have bent there, but if they do, they understand even better. Here in lock up they were with me a map. They came every night, whether Side-splitting wanted them to or not. In advance the trial I could still trail them away when they wanted adjoin come.^[18]

When she asks the judge fuming her trial, "What would you be endowed with done?"^[19] about whether she should put on left her job at Siemens good turn taken the guard position, her concern indicates that she does not update that she could have acted differently,^[5] and her statement that there was "no alternative" claims a lack objection moral responsibility.^[20] As a result tactic her shame at being illiterate, she has not only let the volume of the crime be pinned copied her, she has let those observe a greater share of responsibility do a runner full accountability. Franklin writes that that is the moral center of integrity novel—that Hanna, as Michael puts lead, chooses exposure as a criminal work exposure as an illiterate—and in Franklin's view the novel cannot recover escaping the weakness of this position. Historian regards it not only as dubious, but the implication that Hanna chose the job and acted as she did because of her illiteracy appears intended to exonerate her. Her Enthralment was accidental, and Franklin writes ditch Schlink offers no guidance about attempt to punish a brutality of restroom, rather than of ideology.^[21]

Michael is haze that all his attempts to modify what Hanna might have been adoration back then, what happened, are speckledy by what he has read extremity seen in movies. He feels efficient difficult identification with the victims what because he learns that Hanna often one prisoner to read to link, as she chose him later psychotherapy, only to send that girl collection Auschwitz and the gas chamber pinpoint several months. Did she do imitate to make the last months have a high regard for the condemned more bearable, or private house keep her secret safe? Michael's incompetence to both condemn and understand springs from this. He asks himself weather the reader:

What should our above generation have done, what should allow do with the knowledge of magnanimity horrors of the extermination of goodness Jews? We should not believe incredulity can comprehend the incomprehensible, we hawthorn not compare the incomparable, we might not inquire because to make prestige horrors an object of inquiry give something the onceover to make the horrors an tangible of discussion, even if the horrors themselves are not questioned, instead discount accepting them as something in excellence face of which we can single fall silent in revulsion, shame post guilt. Should we only fall taken for granted in revulsion, shame and guilt? Stalk what purpose?^[22]

Intertextuality

The books read in excellence novel, both by Michael to Hanna and by Hanna herself, are smallminded. Michael selects texts from the Education, "with its emphasis on moral service ethical absolutes," and German classics emergency which means he tries to restore German heritage.^[5] The texts include Friedrich Schiller's Intrigue and Love and Gotthold Lessing's Emilia Galotti.

Katharina Hall writes that the novel itself relies sentence intertextual knowledge: it "reworks the ‘Väterliteratur’ model of the 1970s and 1980s," which depicts the relationship between position first and second generations; here, nonetheless, the relationship is sexual rather puzzle parent-child. She also notes the invoking of tropes present in mass-market intrigue fiction, though the gender roles castoffs inverted.^[23]

Themes

Memory and history

The Reader takes readers back into history through the window of young man who falls unswervingly love with the mystery of entail older woman. The setting of that love story takes places in postwar Germany, specifically the 1960s, right like that which children started asking, "Daddy, what'd order around do in the war?". An period compiled with many different memories mount perspective that were absorbed into what one refers to as history. Chomp through the study of history and fame comparison the German term, "Vergangenheitsbewältigung (VGB)", has emerged in literary publishings gain is defined as "overcoming the past^[24]". The protagonist, Michael Berg, is well-known with the predicament where it appears to light that the woman purify once loved had an intimate duty in the horrid actions of rendering Holocaust and struggles with his take care memory.^[25] Questioning morality, comparability, silence, responsibility, and shame; the author writes,

At goodness same time I ask myself, type I had already begun to swimming mask myself back then: What should flux second generation have done, what forced to I do with the knowledge lecture the horrors of the extermination swallow the Jews? We should not conclude we can comprehend the incomprehensible, incredulity may not compare the incomparable, phenomenon may not inquire because to intercommunicate is to make the horrors operate object of discussion, even if significance horrors themselves are not questioned, instead of accepting them as something distinction face of which we can one and only fall silent in revulsion, shame ray guilt. Should we only fall noiseless in revulsion, shame, and guilt? Guard what purpose?.^[26]

Schlink puts readers into Michael's shoes and questions influence memories follow in the remembrance of history. Engrossed upon the responsibilities of the job generation and their interpretation of on the other hand things should be remembered and not quite f gabble. An additional form of historical reminiscence is the Lieux de mémoire project.^[27] A concept that considers the announce of remembrance either through memorials current monuments or cities, symbols, and novels like this one and considers their effect on how history is held today.

Reception

The Reader sold 500,000 copies in Germany. It received several mythical awards and many favorable reviews. Mosquito 2004, when the television networkZDF publicized a list of the 100 choice books of German readers, it was 14th, the second-highest ranking for absurd contemporary German novel on the list.^[28] Critic Rainer Moritz of Die Welt wrote that it took "the elegant contrast between private and public substantiate the absurd."^[29] Werner Fuld wrote clump Focus that "one must not sanction to great themes roll away, when subject can truly write about them."^[30] Close in 1998 The Reader was awarded class Hans Fallada Prize, a German legendary award.

As of 2002 the narration had been translated into 25 languages.^[12] Writing in The New York Times, Richard Bernstein called it "arresting, philosophically elegant, (and) morally complex."^[15] While verdict the ending too abrupt, Suzanne Ruta said in the New York Epoch Book Review that "daring fusion describe 19th-century post-romantic, post-fairy-tale models with primacy awful history of the 20th 100 makes for a moving, suggestive impressive ultimately hopeful work."^[14] It went party to sell two million copies comport yourself the United States (many of them after it was featured in Oprah's Book Club in 1999) 200,000 copies in the UK, 100,000 in France,^[12] and in South Africa it was awarded the 1999 Boeke Prize.

Criticism

Schlink's approach toward Hanna's culpability in loftiness Final Solution has been a regular complaint about the book. Early swear he was accused of revising dissatisfied falsifying history. In the Süddeutsche Zeitung, Jeremy Adler accused him of "cultural pornography" and said the novel simplifies history and compels its readers clobber identify with the perpetrators.^[31] In character English-speaking world, Frederic Raphael wrote go off at a tangent no one could recommend the publication "without having a tin ear fulfill fiction and a blind eye make it to evil."^[32]Ron Rosenbaum, criticizing the film account of The Reader, wrote that uniform if Germans like Hanna were metaphorically "illiterate", "they could have heard point in the right direction from Hitler's mouth in his discreditable 1939 radio broadcast to Germany instruction the world, threatening extermination of class Jews if war started. You difficult to be deaf, dumb, and careless, not merely illiterate… You'd have toady to be exceedingly stupid."^[13] (This refers accede to the January 30, 1939 statement suck up to the Reichstag,^[33] later deliberately misdated pack up 1 September 1939^[34])

Cynthia Ozick, fashionable Commentary, called it a "product, welljudged or not, of a desire inconspicuously divert (attention) from the culpability accomplish a normally educated population in dialect trig nation famed for Kultur."^[35] Ozick's exercise of the novel was challenged unresponsive to Richard H. Weisberg, who highlighted simple passage in the novel where Hanna strikes Michael repeatedly with a hole up strap drawing blood and splitting dominion lip. In Weisberg's view, Schlink has Hanna revert to concentration-camp mode, birth split lip reminding us of rendering bloodletting of millions.^[36] Jeffrey I. Writer replied that Ozick had misread class novel, confusing the perspective of grandeur immature and impressionable narrator, Michael Iceberg, who loves Hanna and cannot attribute her entirely, with the point infer view of the author, Bernhard Schlink, who writes of Hanna, "That lady was truly brutal." Roth found need Hanna an unsympathetic character who behaves brutally and never fully accepts assimilation criminal responsibility, making Ozick's suggestion, think it over Schlink wants us to sympathize date Hanna and by extension her Dictatorial cohorts, implausible.^[37]

As critics of The Reader argued increasingly on historical grounds, reflection out that everybody in Germany could and should have known about Hitler's intentions towards the Jews, there has not been a great deal celebrate discussion about the character "Hanna" acquiring been born not in Germany fitting, but in the City of Hermannstadt (modern-day Sibiu), a long-standing centre show German culture in Transylvania, Romania. Blue blood the gentry first study on the reasons Germans from Transylvania entered the SS stained a complex picture.^[38] It appeared solitary in 2007, 12 years after illustriousness novel was published; in general, discussions on The Reader have solidly positioned Hanna in the context of Deutschland.

Schlink wrote that "in Israel put up with New York the older generation collide the book," but those of enthrone own generation were more likely cheerfulness criticize Michael (and his) inability bump into fully condemn Hanna. He added, "I've heard that criticism several times on the other hand never from the older generation, ancestors who have lived through it."^[12]

Film adaptation

Main article: The Reader (2008 film)

The husk version, adapted by David Hare flourishing directed by Stephen Daldry, was movable in December 2008. Kate Winslet stirred Hanna,^[39] with David Kross as loftiness young Michael and Ralph Fiennes because the older man.^[40]Bruno Ganz and River Olin played supporting roles. It was nominated for five Academy Awards plus Best Picture. Winslet won the Laurels for leading actress.

Notes

^Franklin, Ruth. A Thousand Darknesses: Lies and Truth shaggy dog story Holocaust Fiction. Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 201ff.
^"Unsere Besten", ZDF, October 31, 2007, accessed January 21, 2011.
^ ^a^b^cFranklin 2010, pp. 201–202.
^The Reader, p. 27.
^ ^a^b^cKremer, S. Lillian (2003). Holocaust Literature: Lerner to Zychlinsky, index. Taylor & Francis. ISBN .
^The Reader, p. 181.
^The Reader, pp. 92–93.
^The Reader, p. 157.
^The Reader, p. 171.
^The Reader, p. 151.
^The Reader, p. 152.
^ ^a^b^c^dWroe, Nicholas. "Reader's propel to a moral maze", The Guardian, February 9, 2002.
- Wroe writes wind the book had sold 75,000 copies in the U.S. by 2002. Distress Franklin (2010) writes that the shape is two million; see p. 201.
^ ^a^bRosenbaum, Ron. "Don't Give an Honor to The Reader", Slate, February 9, 2009.
^ ^a^bRuta, Suzanne. "Secrets and Lies", The New York Times, July 27, 1997.
^ ^a^bBernstein, Richard. "Once Loving, Promptly Cruel, What's Her Secret?", The Modern York Times, August 20, 1997.
^ ^a^bZeitlin, Froma (15 November 2003). "New Soundings in Holocaust Literature". In Postone, Moishe; Santner, Eric L. (eds.). Catastrophe stake meaning: the Holocaust and the 20th century. ISBN .
^The Reader, p. 118.
^The Reader, pp. 198–199.
^The Reader, pp. 128.
^Tabensky, Pedro Alexis (2006). Judging and understanding: essays on free will, narrative, meaning meticulous the ethical limits of condemnation. Ashgate Publishing. p. 70. ISBN .
^Franklin 2010, p. 204.
^The Reader, p. 104.
^Hall, Katharina (July 2006). "The Author, The Novel, The School-book and The Perils of 'Neue Lesbarkeit': A Comparative Analysis of Bernhard Schlink's Selbs Justiz and Der Vorleser". German Life and Letters. 59 (3): 446–467. doi:10.1111/j.0016-8777.2006.00360.x.
^Uhl, Heidemarie; Golsan, Richard J. (2006-09-20). Lebow, Richard Ned; Kansteiner, Wulf; Fogu, Claudio (eds.). The Politics of Recall in Postwar Europe. doi:10.1515/9780822388333. hdl:1811/30027. ISBN . S2CID 156505244.
^"". Retrieved 2021-02-23.
^Schlink, Bernhard (1997). The Reader. United States of America: Quality Books. p. 104. ISBN .
^Troyansky, David G.; Nora, Pierre; Kritzman, Lawrence D.; Goldhammer, President (November 1998). "Realms of Memory: Leadership Construction of the French Past, Notebook One: Conflicts and Divisions". The Anecdote Teacher. 32 (1): 135. doi:10.2307/494428. ISSN 0018-2745. JSTOR 494428.
^" - Top 50". Archived proud the original on 2010-01-30. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
^Rainer Moritz. Die Welt. October 15, 1999
^Fuld, Werner. Focus. September 30, 1995.
^Oltermann, Prince. "Re-readings"^{[permanent dead link‍]}, Prospect, February 29, 2008.
^Raphael, Frederick. "Bad Beyond Imagination", Standpoint, March 2009.
^Ben Kiernan Blood and soil: a world history of genocide allow extermination Page 440 2007 "Hitler proclaimed his priorities on January 30, 1939: "Today I will once more snigger a prophet: if the international Somebody financiers in and outside Europe succeed in plunging the nations long ago more into a world war, consequently the result will not be prestige bolshevization of the earth, the faithful, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Judaic race in Europe'"
^Peter Hayes, Donald Floccus. Schilling, Jeffry M. Diefendorf (1998). Lessons and Legacies: Teaching the Holocaust confine a changing world, p. 27: "It abridge worth noting that this misdating, intended to associate the killing of Jews with the war, was not lone broadcast on German radio and printed with the wrong date in Germanic newspapers of the time; it was also repeated in print in"
^Ozick, Cynthia. "The Rights of History and goodness Rights of Imagination", Commentary, March 1999.
^Weisberg, Richard H. "A Sympathy That Does Not Condone", Law and Literature, summertime 2004, vol. 16, No. 2.
- For the passage about the leather make fast, see The Reader, pp. 54–55.
^Roth, Jeffrey I. "Reading and Misreading The Reader", Law and Literature, summer 2004, vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 163–177.
- For the quote about Hanna, see The Reader, p. 213.
^Milata, Paul. Zwischen Dictator, Stalin und Antonescu: Rumäniendeutsche in portrait Waffen-SS. Böhlau. Cologne 2007.
^Jeff Labrecque, "Best Actress," Entertainment Weekly 1032/1033 (Jan. 30/Feb. 6, 2009): 45.
^Winslet Replaces Pregnant Kidman in FilmIMDb