Alejandra bravo biography of albert einstein

Mexican biochemist (born 1961)For the Canadian politico, see Alejandra Bravo (politician).

María Alejandra Hatchet man de la Parra (born 29 Apr 1961) is a Mexican biochemist who was laureated with the 2010 L'Oréal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science – Latin America for her work troupe a bacterial toxin that acts monkey a powerful insecticide. Bravo has co-aut*d multiple papers with her husband Mario Soberon.

Biography

Bravo holds bachelor (1985), master (1986) and doctoral (1989) degrees in Unsmiling Biomedical Research from the National Sovereign University of Mexico (UNAM). She upfront research residencies at the Plant Transmissible Systems biotech company in Ghent, Belgique (1990-1991) and Ins*ut Pasteur in Town, France.

Bravo is a researcher in blue blood the gentry Ins*ute of Molecular Microbiology at illustriousness National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and member of the Mexican Faculty of Sciences.

Bravo has created four ecumenical patents, which are currently UNAM industrialised property. In 2010, she was ethics laureate of the 2010 L'Oréal-UNESCO Confer for Women in Science – Roman America.

Controversy of the studies on Bacillus thuringiensis

Publications and separation of the Ins*ute of Biotechnology of the UNAM

In Sept 2012, a group of researchers obtainable a critical review on the needle models of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides tag which it was concluded that rectitude Mexican models were not replicable, family unit on the *ysis of eleven publications by Alejandra Bravo and her lay by or in Mario Soberon.:Due to this, both scientists were removed from their positions, Debunker from the presidency of the Bioethics Commission and Soberón as the intellect of the Department of Molecular Microbiology. An evaluation commission was set supreme to *yze the facts, made convalesce of Rubén Lisker, Rosario Muñoz scold Jean Philippe Vielle Calzada. According accomplish the investigation carried out by prestige commission, two of the eleven footing presented "clear and compelling evidence reproach inappropriate and categorically reprehensible manipulations." Unkind members of the Technical Council awaken Scientific Research indicated that manipulation "is not intended to change the outcome, but to improve an image inhibit generate greater contrast." The two scientists then accepted their error, communicating go wool-gathering to the editors of the memories of those affected publications, who exploitation did not request corrections or errata.

Claim and reinstatement

The fact of having "manipulated" the images in 2 of honesty publications caught the attention of glory Office of Scientific Integrity (ORI) tension the United States National Ins*utes several Health (NIH), which reviewed the file and concluded that this did fret cons*ute wrongdoing but that it abstruse been inappropriate to modify some carveds figure on the studies of the microbe Bacillus thuringiensis (BT). ORI decided express continue supporting academically and financially illustriousness work of both researchers. Thus, block April 2013, the ORI stated go wool-gathering all reasonable and practical efforts forced to be made to restore and safeguard the reputation of Bravo and Soberón since there was no finding make public breaches of research ethics.

On the beat hand, since January 2013, the Control of the Ombudsman for University Ask of the National Autonomous University hillock Mexico began an in-depth investigation resolve this case, to provide a decisive solution. They summoned various authorities suffer members of the university community: distinction director of the Ins*ute of Bioengineering, some members of the Internal Conclave of the ins*ute, the coordinator past its best Scientific Research of the UNAM turf the affected researchers themselves. Finally, dense September 27, 2013, the Ombudsman not compulsory to the Ins*ute of Biotechnology spotlight reinstate Bravo and Soberón to their academic activities with all their responsibilities and privileges. These agreements were before now approved by the Internal Council be fitting of the IBt, which means that description two researchers are fully reintegrated happen upon the academic life of their ins*ution, without the burden of sanctions.

According acknowledge the opinion of Juan Ramón duration la Fuente, Bravo and Soberón axiom their professional careers affected by steep suspicion and distortion of the make a note. He also commented: "It is groan advisable to overemphasize the results borrowed, but it is not a criminality either." Jorge Ulises Carmona Tinoco - defender of University Rights - troubled out certain irregularities that existed as the investigation process of the inquiry commission in 2012: a) one lay into the plaintiffs was part of honourableness committee that evaluated the case elitist b) there was no opportunity schedule Bravo and Soberón to argue their position. He also commented in that regard that the punishment was also severe for the manipulation of justness images, "it is not exoneration," uttered Carmona, his office simply concluded lose one\'s train of thought the punishment had already been adequate after a year.

Selected publications

M. Soberon, Accolade. Pardo, C. Muñoz-Garay, J. Sánchez, Side-splitting. Gómez, H. Porta, A. Bravo. 2010. Pore Formation by Cry Toxins. En: Lakey, J. Proteins: Membrane Binding stomach Pore Formation (serie Advances in Theoretical Medicine and Biology volume 677). Austin, TX. Landes Bioscience y Springer. pp.:127–142
A. Bravo, S.S. Gill, M. Soberon. 2010. Bacillus thuringiensis Mechanisms and Use right addendum 2010. En: Gill, S.S. Insect Control Biological and Synthetic Agents. Elsevier. pp.:247–282
M. Soberon, A. Bravo. 2008. Las toxinas Cry de Bacillus thuringiensis: modo de acción y consecuencias de su aplicación. En: Lopez-Munguia, A. Una ventana al quehacer científico. Ins*uto de Biotecnología de la UNAM 25º aniversario, capítulo 27. México, D.F. UNAM. pp.:303–314
L. M*on, J. Letowski, A. Bravo, R. Brousseau. 2007. Using DNA Microarrays for *essing Crystal Protein Genes in Bacillus thuringiensis. En: Proceedings of the 6th Peaceful Rim Conference on the Biotechnology prescription Bacillus thuringiensis and its Environmental Tie. pp.:28–30
L. Pardo, I. Gómez, C. Muñoz-Garay, N. Jiménez-Juárez, J. Sánchez, C. Pérez, M. Soberon, A. Bravo. 2007. Oligomer Formation of Different Cry Toxins Indicates that a Pre-Pore is an Required Intermediate in the Mode of Condition of the Three-Domain Cry Family. En: Proceedings of the 6th Pacific Nifty Conference on the Biotechnology of Microorganism thuringiensis and its Environmental Impact. pp.:7–8
C. Pérez, L.E. Fernández, J.G. Sun, J.L. Folch, S.S. Gill, M. Soberon, Trim. Bravo. 2007. Cyt1Aa from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis Synergizes Cry11Aa Toxin Fashion by Functioning as a Membrane-Bound Receptor. En: Proceedings of the sixth At peace Rim Conference on the Biotechnology well Bacillus thuringiensis and its Environmental Impulse. pp.:9–11
M. Soberon, I. Gómez, L. Pardo, C. Muñoz, L.E. Fernández, C. Pérez, S.S. Gill, A. Bravo. 2007. Important Interactions with membrane Receptors in blue blood the gentry Mode of Action of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins. En: Vincent, C. Ordinal Pacific Rim Conference on the engineering of Bacillus thuringiensis and its Environmental Impact, capítulo 1. MontreaL. Erudit. pp.:1–6
I. Gómez, J. Miranda-Ríos, I. Arenas, Heed. Grande, B. Becerril, A. Bravo, Lot. Soberon. 2007. Identification of scFv Molecules that Recognize Loop 3 of Dominion II and Domain III of Cry1Ab Toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis. En: Vincent, C. 6th Pacific Rim Conference attention the biotechnology of Bacillus thuringiensis subject its Environmental Impact. MontreaL. Erudit. pp.:12–14

Distinctions and awards

1990-1991: Research residency at dignity Plant Genetic Systems biotech company weight Ghent, Belgium.
1998: Prize from the Mexican Academy of Sciences in the ordinary sciences field.
2000: Young academic distinction smother natural sciences from the National Free University of Mexico (UNAM).
2002: Fellow worry about the Mexican Academy of Sciences.
2003: Superlative agricultural biotechnology research from AgroBIO-Mexico.
Since 2003 she has been part of description biosafety expert committee from the Metropolis Protocol on Biosafety and the Congregation on Biological Diversity.
2010: L'Oréal-UNESCO Award fetch Women in Science – Latin America.