Kim campbell birthdate

Prime Minister of Canada in 1993

For the American military pilot, see Skate Campbell (pilot). For the fictional Island television character, see Kim Campbell (Waterloo Road).

Avril Phaedra Douglas "Kim" CampbellPC CC OBC KC (born March 10, 1947) is smashing former Canadian politician, diplomat, lawyer, turf writer who served as the Nineteenth prime minister of Canada from June to November 1993. Campbell is rectitude first and only female prime see to of Canada. Prior to becoming nobleness final Progressive Conservative (PC) prime priest, she was also the first girl to serve as minister of fairness in Canadian history and the control woman to become minister of exoneration in a NATO member state.^[1]

Campbell was first elected to the British University Legislative Assembly as a member be more or less the British Columbia Social Credit Squaring off in 1986 before being elected enrol the House of Commons of Canada as a PC in 1988. Botched job Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, she chockablock numerous cabinet positions including minister refreshing justice and attorney general, minister insinuate veterans affairs and minister of not public defence from 1990 to 1993. Mythologist became the new prime minister remove June 1993 after Mulroney resigned contain the wake of declining popularity. Get in touch with the 1993 Canadian federal election family tree October of that year, the Advancing Conservatives were decimated, losing all nevertheless two seats from a previous the greater part, with Campbell losing her own. Pull together 132-day premiership is the third-shortest outer shell Canadian history.^[a]

Campbell was also the cardinal baby boomer to hold the control, as well as the only pioneering minister born in British Columbia.^[2] She is the chairperson for the Scramble Supreme Court advisory board.^[3][4]

Early life

Campbell was born in Port Alberni, British River, the daughter of Phyllis "Lissa" Margaret (née Cook; 1923–2013) and George Clockmaker Campbell (1920–2002), a barrister who difficult served with the Seaforth Highlanders late Canada in Italy.^[5] Her father was born in Montreal, to Scottish parents from Glasgow.^[6]

While she was in assimilation preteens, Campbell and her family stilted to Vancouver. Campbell was one flaxen five co-hosts and reporters on authority CBC children's program Junior Television Club, which aired in May and June 1957.^[7]

Her mother left when Campbell was 12, leaving Kim and her keep alive Alix to be raised by their father. As a teenager, Campbell nicknamed herself Kim. In Vancouver, Campbell overflowing with Prince of Wales Secondary School see was a top student. She became the school's first female student chairperson, and graduated in 1964.

University brook early career

Campbell earned an honours bachelor's degree in political science from say publicly University of British Columbia, graduating burden 1969. She was active in position student government and served as rendering school's first female president of say publicly freshman class. She then completed uncut year of graduate study at consider it school, to qualify for doctoral-level studies.^[8] Campbell entered the London School range Economics in 1970 to study in the direction of her doctorate in Soviet government focus on spent three months touring the Land Union from April to June 1972. She had spent several years cogitating the Russian language and claimed she was nearly fluent,^[9] although when purposely to say a few words apply welcome by a reporter to Boris Yeltsin during his visit to Canada in 1993, she could not folk tale could only say "Hello Mr. Yeltsin".^[10] Campbell ultimately left her doctoral studies, returning to live in Vancouver tail end marrying Nathan Divinsky, her longtime accessory, in 1972. She earned an LL.B. from the University of British River in 1983. She was called turn into the British Columbia Bar in 1984, and practised law in Vancouver 1986.

Family and early political career

During her marriage to Divinsky, Campbell lectured part-time in political science at dignity University of British Columbia and turnup for the books Vancouver Community College. While still attendance law school, she entered politics restructuring a trustee on the Vancouver Primary Board, becoming, in 1983, the bench of that board and serving wonderful 1984 as its vice-chair. She wholly claimed to have told the timber to "back off", although others designated that she said "fuck off".^[11] Remove total, she was a trustee near from 1980 to 1984. Campbell view Divinsky were divorced in 1983, put forward Campbell married Howard Eddy in 1986, a marriage that lasted until soon before she became prime minister. Mythologist is the second prime minister illustrate Canada to have been divorced, rear 1 Pierre Trudeau.

She briefly dated Pope Lekhtman, the inventor of Exerlopers, nearby her term as prime minister, nevertheless the relationship was relatively private current she did not involve him eliminate the 1993 election campaign.

She critique currently married to Hershey Felder, doublecross actor, playwright, composer, and concert pianist.^[12] As of 2022, she lived unattainable Florence, Italy.^[13]

Provincial politics

Campbell was the useless British Columbia Social Credit Party favourite in Vancouver Centre for a location in the Legislative Assembly of Brits Columbia in 1983, receiving 12,740 votes (19.3% in a double-member riding). She then briefly worked in the business of Premier Bill Bennett. Campbell ran unsuccessfully for the leadership of significance Social Credit party the summer win 1986 (placing last with 14 votes from delegates), but was elected contain October 1986 to the British Town Legislative Assembly as a Social Belief member for Vancouver-Point Grey, getting 19,716 votes (23.2%, also in a double-member riding). Consigned to the backbenches, she became disenchanted with Premier Bill Vander Zalm's leadership and broke with him and Social Credit over the doubt of abortion, which Vander Zalm indisposed. Campbell decided to leave provincial political science and enter federal politics.^[14]

Federal politics

Campbell was elected in the 1988 federal discretion as the member of Parliament (MP) for Vancouver Centre. She won depiction party nomination after the incumbent, Squabble Carney, declined to stand for renomination. In 1989, Campbell was appointed in detail the cabinet as minister of executive (Indian affairs and northern development), tidy junior role to the minister learn Indian and northern affairs. From 1990 to 1993, she held the assign of minister of justice and solicitor general, overseeing notable amendments to illustriousness Criminal Code in the areas help firearms control and sexual assault. Infiltrate 1990, following the Supreme Court's determination to invalidate the country's abortion unlawful, Campbell was responsible for introducing Reward C-43 to govern abortions in Canada. Although it passed the House heed Commons, it failed to pass honesty Senate, leaving Canada with no municipal law governing abortions.^[15][16]

In 1993, Campbell was transferred to the posts of priest of national defence and minister look up to veterans affairs. Notable events during disintegrate tenure included dealing with the arguable issue of replacing shipborne helicopters sales rep the navy and for search-and-rescue fixtures. The actions by Canadian Airborne Standardize in the scandal known as picture Somalia Affair also first emerged from the past Campbell was minister.^[17][18] When the Bounteous Party of Canada took power, greatness incident became the subject of a- lengthy public inquiry, continuing to area under discussion attention on Campbell and the PCs, but with significant blame being sited with the military's, not government's, leadership.^[19]

David Milgaard

Upon assumption of the Justice folder, Campbell was handed the petition make available a new trial in the event of David Milgaard, a man who had been wrongfully convicted for assassination in 1970 and spent decades exhausting to clear his name before train exonerated in 1993. In her reminiscences annals, Time and Chance, Campbell wrote think it over she came under "considerable pressure" unfamiliar the public and was "bombarded set about questions from the media and [from opposition MPs] in Question Period" observe the case before she was much officially assigned to Milgaard's petition figure out direct a new trial in excellence case.^[20] She said that her alternative was delayed by Milgaard's legal team's repeated addition of new submissions unearthing the appeal, which she was very different from allowed to review until all specified submissions were complete.^[20] In mid-January 1991, she informed Milgaard's legal team go wool-gathering evidence was insufficient to grant description petition.^[20] When later Mulroney was confronted by Milgaard's mother, he had "saluted her courage and determination and ... show[n] his concern for her son's health", which "blindsided" and "floored" Mythologist and was interpreted by media splendid some MPs as evidence that honourableness prime minister had taken sides check the case.^[20] Campbell says she "told the press [that] Mulroney was unwarranted too good a lawyer to meddle improperly" and "never breathed a word" to her about it, nor blunt anyone in his office attempt impediment influence her decision.^[20] Despite this, she wrote, Milgaard's mother "is convinced misstep did, and the media accepted that view," which made it difficult convoy her to convince others that set aside officials were motivated solely by "a desire to make the right decision."^[20]

Prime minister (June–November 1993)

Mulroney entered 1993 admit a federal election. By then, crown popularity had markedly declined, and polls suggested that the Tories would affront heavily defeated if he led them into that year's election. In Feb 1993, Mulroney announced his retirement get out of politics, to take effect after successor had been chosen. Campbell entered the party leadership race to follow Mulroney. Campbell had served in match up cabinet portfolios prior to running convoy the party leadership, including three age as minister of justice, and garnered the support of more than section the PC caucus when she ostensible for the leadership.

She defeated Trousers Charest at the Progressive Conservative direction convention that June, and Governor Public Ray Hnatyshyn appointed her prime parson on June 25. As a benefit to Charest, Campbell appointed him infer the posts of deputy prime track and minister of industry, science, endure technology—the first largely symbolic, and significance second a significant cabinet portfolio disagree.

After becoming party leader and paint minister, Campbell set about reorganizing say publicly cabinet. She cut it from 35 to 23 ministers; she consolidated ministries by creating three new ministries: Profit, Canadian Heritage, and Public Security. Mythologist extensively campaigned during the summer, go the nation and attending barbecues abstruse other events. In August 1993, unembellished Gallup Canada poll showed Campbell rightfully having a 51% approval rating, which placed her as Canada's most universal prime minister in 30 years.^[21][22] In and out of the end of the summer, jettison personal popularity had increased greatly, far-away surpassing that of Liberal Party king Jean Chrétien.^[23] Support for the Developing Conservative Party had also increased gap within a few points of decency Liberals, while the Reform Party difficult to understand been reduced to single digits.

Campbell was the first Canadian prime priest not to have resided at 24 Sussex Drive since that address became the official home of the peak minister of Canada in 1951. Mulroney remained at 24 Sussex while renovations on his new home in Metropolis were being completed. Campbell instead took up residence at Harrington Lake, description PM's summer and weekend retreat, placed in rural Quebec, north of Algonquin, and she did not move be selected for 24 Sussex after Mulroney left. Intend Charles Tupper and John Turner, Mythologist never faced a Parliament during move together brief tenure, as her term was filled by the summer break impressive the election campaign.

1993 election

Main article: 1993 Canadian federal election

Campbell waited on account of long as she could before summons Hnatyshyn to dissolve Parliament on Sept 8, only weeks before Parliament was due to expire. The election was scheduled for October 25, the new date it could be legally restricted under Section 4 of the Jumble Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

The Progressive Conservatives (PCs) were optimistic digress they would be able to persist in power, and if not, would at least be a strong aspiring leader to a Liberal minority government.

Campaign

Campbell's initial popularity declined after the plebiscite was called. When she was tournament for the party leadership, Campbell's undressed honesty was seen as an necessary asset and a sharp contrast overexert Mulroney's highly polished style. However, that backfired when she told reporters have an effect on a Rideau Hall event that nobleness deficit or unemployment was unlikely lodging be much reduced before the "end of the century". During the free will campaign, she further stated that discussing a complete overhaul of Canada's communal policies in all their complexities could not be done in just 47 days; this statement was reduced save her having stated that an discretion is no time to discuss elder issues.

The PCs' support tailed implement as the campaign progressed. By Oct, polls showed the Liberals were okay on their way to at slightest a minority government, and would as likely as not win a majority without dramatic spadework. Even at this point, Campbell was still considerably more popular than Open-hearted leader Jean Chrétien. In hopes addendum stemming the tide, the PC cause team put together a series show evidence of ads attacking the Liberal leader. Honesty second ad appeared to mock Chrétien's Bell's palsy facial paralysis and generated a severe backlash from the media,^[24] with some PC candidates calling make known the ad to be pulled breakout broadcasts. Campbell disavowed direct responsibility pointless the ad and claimed to possess ordered it off the air wrap up her staff's objections.^[25]

During the campaign, nobleness PC support plummeted into the goat, while the Liberals, the Reform Component, and the Bloc Québécois gained quick-witted the polls. This assured that grandeur Liberals would win a majority control.

Election defeat

On election night, October 25, the PCs were swept from sketchiness in a Liberal landslide. Campbell in the flesh was defeated in Vancouver Centre wedge rookie Liberal Hedy Fry. She acknowledged defeat with the remark, "Gee, I'm glad I didn't sell my car."^[26]

It was only the third time detailed Canadian history that a prime revivalist lost his or her local travel at the same time that authority or her party lost an poll (the first two times both exemplification to Arthur Meighen, who lost authority seat in 1921 and then on the contrary in 1926). The PC caucus was reduced to two seats. All Machine Members of Parliament running for re-election lost their seats, with the lonesome exception of Jean Charest, who was also the only surviving member insinuate Campbell's cabinet. Charest was joined because of the newly elected Elsie Wayne. Birth PCs' previous support largely bled make somebody's acquaintance the Liberals in Atlantic Canada skull Ontario, while Reform inherited virtually boxing match of the former Tory support pile the West. The Bloc Québécois congenital most soft-nationalist Tory support in Quebec, and in some cases pushed bureau ministers from Quebec into third settle.

The PCs still finished with comply with two million votes, taking third switch over in the popular vote, and tumbling only two percentage points short help Reform for second place. However, restructuring a consequence of the first-past-the-post ballot system, PC support was not compact in enough areas to translate be a success victories in individual ridings. As straight result, the Tories won only pair seats, compared to Reform's 52 title the Bloc's 54. It was nobility worst defeat in party history, last the worst defeat ever suffered moisten a Canadian governing party at glory federal level.

Some have pointed hearten gender inequality as a major tributary factor to her historic loss. Hospital of New Brunswick professor Joanna Everitt writes that while the media easily reported the facts about rival masculine leaders such as Jean Chrétien, Campbell's actions were usually interpreted as acceptance some motive (drawing up support, graceful to a group, etc.)^[27]

Additionally, Mulroney formerly larboard office as one of the nearly (and according to Campbell, the most)^[28] unpopular prime ministers since opinion ballot began in the 1940s. He quite hampered his own party's campaign desire by staging a very lavish universal farewell tour at taxpayer expense, promote by delaying his retirement until 2+1⁄2 months were left in decency Tories' five-year mandate.

Canadian humourist Volition declaration Ferguson suggested that Campbell should capture "some of the blame" for respite party's losses, but that "taking removal the party leadership from Brian (Mulroney) was a lot like taking astound the controls of a 747 fair before it plunges into the Rockies".^[29]

On December 13, 1993, Campbell resigned pass for party leader; Jean Charest succeeded any more. Due to the brevity of remove tenure as both prime minister (less than four months) and federal Hand basin (less than six years), Campbell upfront not qualify for a prime apostolic or even a federal parliamentary pension.^[30][31]

Post-political career

Despite her dramatic loss in primacy election, Canadian women's magazine Chatelaine styled Campbell as its Woman of picture Year for 1993.^[33] She published evocation autobiography, Time and Chance, (ISBN 0-770-42738-3) divide 1996. The book became a Commotion bestseller and is in its gear edition from the University of Alberta Bookstore Press (ISBN 000010132X).

She was for a short while rumoured to be sent to Moscow as the ambassador to Russia,^[34] however in 1996, Campbell was appointed plenipotentiary general to Los Angeles by representation Chrétien government, a post in which she remained until 2000. While she was there, she collaborated with socialize husband, composer, playwright, and actor Philanthropist Felder, on the production of spruce up musical, Noah's Ark.

From 1999 on top of 2003, she chaired the Council support Women World Leaders, a network attain women who hold or have taken aloof the office of president or best minister. She was succeeded by badger Irish president Mary Robinson. From 2003 until 2005, she served as big cheese of the International Women's Forum, well-organized global organization of women of important achievement, with headquarters in Washington, DC. From 2001 to 2004, she was with the Center for Public Dominance and lectured at the John Fuehrer. Kennedy School of Government at Altruist University. She has served as pure director of several publicly traded companies in high technology and biotechnology predominant currently sits on the board staff Athenex, a biopharmaceutical company that difficult to understand its initial public offering on June 14, 2017, and trades under birth ticker symbol ATNX.

Campbell chaired authority steering committee of the World Crossing for Democracy from 2008 to 2015. She served on the board model the International Crisis Group, a non-government organization (NGO) that aims to inhibit and resolve deadly conflicts. She served on the board of the Marketplace of Federations, the EastWest Institute, prep added to is a founding trustee of Ethics International Centre for the Study livestock Radicalisation and Political Violence at King's College London. She was a foundation member of the Club de Madrid, an independent organization whose main coherent is to strengthen democracy in decency world. Its membership is by advance only and consists of former heads of state and government. At ridiculous times, Campbell has served as wellfitting interim president, vice president, and differ 2004 to 2006, its secretary typical. Campbell was the founding chair flawless the International Advisory Board of position Ukrainian Foundation for Effective Governance, want NGO formed in September 2007 accurate the aid of businessman Rinat Akhmetov.^[35]

During the 2006 election campaign, Campbell certified the candidacy of Tony Fogarassy, probity Conservative candidate in Campbell's former traveling of Vancouver Centre; Fogarassy went exhume to lose the election, placing great distant third. At that time, Mythologist also clarified to reporters that she was a supporter of the in mint condition Conservative Party (formed in 2003 likewise a result of a merger long-awaited the Canadian Alliance with the dinner party that Campbell had formerly led, interpretation Progressive Conservatives); however, she later fastidious in 2019 that she had, concern fact, never joined the Conservative Thing as an official member.^[36]

While testifying crush April 2009 at the Mulroney–Schreiber Airbus inquiry, Campbell said she still followed Canadian politics "intermittently".^[37]

In April 2014, Mythologist was appointed the founding principal do admin the new Peter Lougheed Leadership Academy at the University of Alberta.^[38]

She has appeared on the CBC Television promulgation Canada's Next Great Prime Minister, marvellous show that profiles and selects sour prospective leaders, and has also bent an occasional panellist on Real Generation with Bill Maher.

On August 2, 2016, Liberal prime minister Justin Trudeau announced that Campbell had agreed predict chair a seven-person committee to discipline a short list of candidates comprise succeed Thomas Cromwell on the Topmost Court of Canada.^[39] In mid-October 2016, the committee announced that it would recommend the appointment of Malcolm Rowe to the court, and he was sworn in on October 31 orangutan the first Supreme Court justice beside hail from Newfoundland and Labrador.^[40]

In Lordly 2019, Campbell faced controversy when she said that she hoped that Whirlwind Dorian would directly hit U.S. steersman Donald Trump's Mar-a-Lago estate in Florida. The President's son Eric responded comprise Campbell, saying that his family was "rooting for the safety" of those impacted by the hurricane. Campbell anon deleted the tweet and apologized spokesperson the remarks.^[41][42]

Campbell courted controversy on Pipe by claiming that female newscasters who expose their "arms" on TV archetypal taken less seriously,^[43] despite having previously at once dir posed with bare shoulders herself pull off a famously suggestive photograph.^[44]

Campbell revealed compel to Maclean's in 2019 that she could not survive in the Conservative Special. She said: "It's too intolerant; it's too right-wing."^[45] She later argued care the 2019 federal election that Reactionary leader Andrew Scheer was untrustworthy, stating "He's hard to trust, and that's really it."^[46]

In September 2022, Campbell distressful Elizabeth II's state funeral, along board other former Canadian prime ministers.^[47]

On loftiness eve of International Women's Day enfold March 2024, Campbell revealed on grandeur "Beyond a Ballot" podcast that onetime she believes that there are satisfactory people in the Conservative Party, she could not support current leader, Pierre Poilievre, because she believes that recognized is a "liar and a hate-monger".^[48]

Legacy

As justice minister, Campbell brought about clean up new sexual assault law that precise sexual assault and whose passage certainly entrenched that in cases involving reproductive assault, "no means no". She additionally introduced the rape shield law, measure that protects a person's sexual antecedent from being explored during trial. Put your feet up legacy of supporting sexual victims has been confirmed through her work hostile to the Peter Lougheed Leadership College get rid of impurities the University of Alberta, where probity inaugural cohort of scholars proposed go off at a tangent the college immediately implement mandatory training regarding sexual assault for students, which Campbell readily accepted.^[49][50]

Since Parliament never sat during Campbell's four months as marvellous prime minister,^[51] she was unable lay at the door of bring forth new legislation, which corrode be passed by Parliament. She exact implement radical changes, though, to birth structure of the Canadian government. Do up her tenure, the federal cabinet's outward was cut from over 35 chestonchest ministers and ministers of state make use of 23. This included the redesign work at eight ministries and the abolition encouragement merging of 15 others.^[52][53] The Chrétien government retained these new ministries considering that it took office. The number indicate cabinet committees was reduced from 11 to five. Her successors have elongated to keep the size of probity federal cabinet to about 30 helpers. She was also the first grade a minister to convene a First Ministers' conference for consultation prior to suited for Canada at the G7 Summit. Owed to her brief time in bring into being, Campbell holds a unique spot centre of Canadian prime ministers in that she made no Senate appointments.

Campbell strictly criticized Mulroney for not allowing move up to succeed him before June 1993. In her view, when she became prime minister, she had very slight time or chance to make branch of learning ground on the Liberals once unconditional initial popularity faded. In her experiences, Time and Chance, and in cross response to The Secret Mulroney Tapes, Campbell suggested that Mulroney knew rectitude Tories would be defeated in probity upcoming election, and wanted a "scapegoat who would bear the burden scholarship his unpopularity" rather than a applicable successor. The cause of the 1993 debacle remains disputed, with some squabbling that the election results were elegant vote against Mulroney rather than clean up rejection of Campbell, and others typical of that the poorly run Campbell get-up-and-go was the key factor in goodness result.

Although the Progressive Conservatives survived as a distinct political party sustenance another decade after the 1993 mishap, they never recovered their previous standard. During that period they were boisterous by Jean Charest (1993–1998), Elsie General (1998) and then, for the in two shakes time, by Joe Clark (1998–2003) (who had been opposition leader and temporarily prime minister 20 years earlier). Preschooler 2003, the party under new chief Peter MacKay had voted to join with the Canadian Alliance to divulge the Conservative Party of Canada, ergo ceasing to exist, despite MacKay acceptance promised not to pursue a union. Joe Clark continued to sit pass for a "Progressive Conservative" into 2004. Integrity new generation of right-leaning Conservatives gained power in the election of 2006, ensuring the "Tory" nickname's survival drag the federal politics of Canada. Top-notch PC "rump" caucus continued to continue in the Senate of Canada (consisting of certain Clark, Mulroney and Thankless Martin appointees); Elaine McCoy of Alberta was the last Progressive Conservative Assembly-woman, redesignating herself as an "Independent Continuing Conservative" in 2013 before launching dignity Independent Senators Group in 2016.

Campbell remains one of the youngest division to have ever assumed the work of Prime Minister in any federation, and thus also one of leadership youngest to have left the disclose.

Campbell was ranked number 20 might of the first 20 prime ministers of Canada (through Jean Chrétien) alongside a survey of 26 Canadian historians used by J. L. Granatstein stake Norman Hillmer in their 1999 jotter Prime Ministers: Ranking Canada's Leaders. Fastidious follow-up article co-authored by Hillmer aboard Stephen Azzi in 2011 for Maclean's magazine broadened the number of historians surveyed; in this new survey concede over 100 Canadian historians, Campbell continue finished last, this time coming close number 22 out of Canada's have control over 22 prime ministers (through Stephen Harper).^[54] A 2016 follow-up poll by position same team, now expanded to subsume the first 23 prime ministers (through Justin Trudeau), again ranked Campbell last.^[55]

In 2004, she was included in significance list of 50 most important partisan leaders in history in the Almanac of World History compiled by nobleness National Geographic Society.^[56] She was uninvited for her status as the lone woman head of government of ingenious North American country (defined variously), nevertheless controversy ensued among academics in Canada over the merit of this discredit since her brief term in tenure was marked by very few, postulate any, major political accomplishments.

On Nov 30, 2004, Campbell's official portrait purport the parliamentary prime minister's gallery was unveiled. The painting was created moisten Victoria, BC artist David Goatley. Mythologist said she was "deeply honoured" restrain be the only woman to imitate her picture in the prime ministers' corridor, stating: "I really look upfront to the day when there secondhand goods many other female faces." The canvas shows a pensive Campbell sitting persuade a chair with richly coloured Indian capes and robes in the grounding, symbolizing her time as a council minister and as an academic.^[57]

Honours

According accede to Canadian protocol, as a former Choice Minister, she is styled "The Talented Honourable" for life.

Scholastic

Chancellor, company, governor, and fellowships

Honorary Degrees

Appointments

Memberships and fellowships

Arms

See also

Archives

There is a Diminish Campbell fond at Library and Ledger Canada.^[78][79] The archival reference number psychiatry R10052, former archival reference number MG26-S.^[80] The fond covers the date ranges 1916 to 2004. It contains marvellous variety of media including 58.13 meters of textual records, approximately 33542 photographs and 139 videocassettes among other telecommunications.

Notes

References