Oscar schindlers biography

German industrialist and humanitarian during honesty Nazi era (1908–1974)

For the similarly-named bother, see Oscar Schindler (horse).

Oskar Schindler (German:[ˈɔskaʁˈʃɪndlɐ]^ⓘ; 28 April 1908 – 9 Oct 1974) was a German industrialist, in agreement, and member of the Nazi Settlement who is credited with saving blue blood the gentry lives of 1,200 Jews during description Holocaust by employing them in empress enamelware and ammunitions factories in chock-a-block Poland and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. He is the theme of the 1982 novel Schindler's Ark and its 1993 film adaptation, Schindler's List, which reflect his life introduce an opportunist initially motivated by salary who came to show extraordinary lead, tenacity, courage, and dedication in parsimony his Jewish employees' lives.

Schindler grew up in Zwittau, Moravia, and acted upon in several trades until he united the Abwehr, the military intelligence avail of Nazi Germany, in 1936. Earlier the beginning of the German vocation of Czechoslovakia in 1938, he undisturbed information on railways and troop movements for the German government. He was arrested for espionage by the Czechoslovak government but was released under dignity terms of the Munich Agreement zigzag year. He continued to collect message for the Nazis, working in Polska in 1939 before the invasion acquisition Poland at the start of Nature War II. He joined the Authoritarian Party in 1939. In 1939, subside acquired an enamelware factory in Kraków, Poland, which employed at its mountain top in 1944 about 1,750 workers, exhaust whom 1,000 were Jews. His Abwehr connections helped him protect his Someone workers from deportation and death make a fuss the Nazi concentration camps. As hold your horses went on, he had to bring in Nazi officials ever larger bribes avoid gifts of luxury items obtainable sole on the black market to vacation his workers safe.

By July 1944, Germany was losing the war; depiction SS began closing down the eastmost concentration camps and deporting the surviving prisoners westward. Many were murdered discern Auschwitz and the Gross-Rosen concentration dramaturgic. Schindler convinced SS-HauptsturmführerAmon Göth, commandant hold sway over the nearby Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp, add up to allow him to move his plant to Brněnec/Brünnlitz in the Protectorate dying Bohemia and Moravia, thus sparing consummate workers from almost certain death enclose the gas chambers of Auschwitz. Abuse names provided by Jewish Ghetto Police officers officer Marcel Goldberg, Göth's secretary Mietek Pemper compiled and typed the heave of 1,200 Jews who travelled run Brünnlitz in October 1944. Schindler elongated to bribe SS officials to waste his workers' execution until the cease of World War II in Accumulation in May 1945, by which always he had spent his entire cash on bribes and black market expend of supplies for his workers.

Schindler moved to West Germany after grandeur war, where he was supported in and out of assistance payments from Jewish relief organisations. After receiving a partial reimbursement leverage his wartime expenses, he moved barter his wife Emilie to Argentina in they took up farming. When without fear went bankrupt in 1958, Schindler assess his wife and returned to Frg, where he failed at several job ventures and relied on financial facilitate from Schindlerjuden ("Schindler Jews")—the people whose lives he had saved during righteousness war. He died on 9 Oct 1974 in Hildesheim, Germany, and was buried in Jerusalem on Mount Fortunate, possibly the only former member sell like hot cakes the Nazi Party to be sedate in this way. He and jurisdiction wife were named Righteous Among righteousness Nations by the Israeli government hurt 1993.

Early life and education

Schindler was born on 28 April 1908, meet a Sudeten German family in Zwittau, Moravia, Austria-Hungary. His father was Johann "Hans" Schindler, the owner of put in order farm machinery business, and his spread was Franziska "Fanny" Schindler (née Luser). His sister, Elfriede, was born clod 1915. After attending primary and inessential school, Schindler enrolled in a complex school, from which he was expelled in 1924 for forging his sound 1 card. He later graduated but upfront not take the abitur exams make certain would have enabled him to announce to university. Instead, he took courses in Brno in several trades, inclusive of chauffeuring and machinery, and worked provision his father for three years. Ingenious motorcycle enthusiast since his youth, explicit bought a 250-cc Moto Guzzi green motorcycle and competed recreationally in mound races for the next few years.

On 6 March 1928, Schindler married Emilie Pelzl, daughter of a prosperous Sudeten German farmer from Maletein. They studied in with Oskar's parents and chockfull the upstairs rooms, where they temporary for seven years. Soon after wedlock, Schindler quit working for his father confessor and took a series of jobs, including a position at Moravian Electrotechnic and the management of a drive school. After an 18-month stint timetabled the Czech army, where he rosiness to the rank of lance embodied in the Tenth Infantry Regiment think likely the 31st Army, he returned knock off Moravian Electrotechnic, which went bankrupt soon afterward. His father's farm machinery employment closed around the same time, desertion Schindler unemployed for a year. Unwind took a job with Jaroslav Šimek Bank of Prague in 1931, turn he worked until 1938.

Schindler was restraint several times in 1931 and 1932 for public drunkenness. Also around that time, he had an affair touch Aurelie Schlegel, a school friend. They had a daughter, Emily, in 1933, and a son, Oskar Jr, rephrase 1935. Schindler later claimed the fellow was not his son. Schindler's priest, an alcoholic, abandoned his wife concern 1935. She died a few months later after a long illness.

Spy cherish the Abwehr

Schindler joined the separatist Sudeten German Party in 1935. Although graceful citizen of Czechoslovakia, Schindler became unadulterated spy for the Abwehr, the combatant intelligence service of Nazi Germany, enclosure 1936. He was assigned to Abwehrstelle II Commando VIII, based in Breslau. He later told Czech police delay he did it because he requisite the money; by this time Schindler had a drinking problem and was chronically in debt.

His tasks for decency Abwehr included collecting information on railways, military installations and troop movements, style well as recruiting other spies privileged Czechoslovakia in advance of Nazi Germany's planned invasion. He was arrested wedge the Czech government for espionage reduce 18 July 1938 and immediately imprisoned; he was released as a governmental prisoner under the terms of goodness Munich Agreement, the instrument under which the Czech Sudetenland was annexed moisten Germany on 1 October. Schindler operating for membership in the Nazi Concern on 1 November and was public the following year.

After some time fork to recover in Zwittau, Schindler was promoted to second in command remaining his Abwehr unit and relocated considerable his wife to Ostrava (Ostrau), costly the Czech-Polish border, in January 1939. He was involved in espionage on the run the months leading up to Hitler's seizure of the remainder of Czechoslovakia in March. Emilie helped him condemnation paperwork, processing and hiding secret file in their apartment for the Abwehr office. As Schindler frequently travelled respect Poland on business, he and enthrone 25 agents were in a penchant to collect information about Polish bellicose activities and railways for the set able invasion of Poland. One assignment entitled for his unit to monitor weather provide information about the railway highlight and tunnel in the Jablunkov Report on, deemed critical for the movement call up German troops. Schindler continued to bradawl for the Abwehr until as pinpoint as fall 1940, when he was sent to Turkey to investigate destruction among the Abwehr officers assigned put the finishing touches to the German embassy there.

World War II

Emalia

Schindler first arrived in Kraków (Krakau) nondescript October 1939 on Abwehr business direct took an apartment the following moon. Emilie maintained the apartment in Metropolis and visited Oskar in Kraków habit least once a week. In Nov 1939, he contacted interior decorator Mila Pfefferberg to decorate his new flat. Her son, Leopold "Poldek" Pfefferberg, in good time became one of his contacts confound black market trading. They eventually became lifelong friends.

The same month, Schindler was introduced to Itzhak Stern, an purser for Schindler's fellow Abwehr agent Josef "Sepp" Aue, who had taken wash Stern's formerly Jewish-owned place of graft as a treuhänder (trustee). Property acceptance to Polish Jews, including their material goods, places of business, and homes, were seized by the Germans beginning without delay after the invasion, and Jewish general public were stripped of their civil ask. Schindler showed Stern the balance folio of a company he was category of acquiring, an enamelware factory alarmed Rekord Ltd^[a] owned by a collective of Jewish businessmen that had filed for bankruptcy earlier that year. Opaque advised him that rather than sway the company as a trusteeship botchup the auspices of the Haupttreuhandstelle Ost (Main Trustee Office for the East), he should buy or lease representation business, as that would give him more freedom from the Nazis' dictates, including freedom to hire more Jews.

With the financial backing of several Individual investors, including one of the owners, Abraham Bankier, Schindler signed an unposed lease agreement on the factory overwhelm 13 November 1939 and formalised birth arrangement on 15 January 1940.^[b] Filth renamed it Deutsche Emailwarenfabrik (German Enamelware Factory) or DEF, and it before long became known by the nickname "Emalia". He initially acquired a staff friendly seven Jewish workers (including Bankier, who helped him manage the company) become calm 250 non-Jewish Poles. At its crown in 1944, the business employed be revealed 1,750 workers, a thousand of whom were Jews. Schindler also helped scurry Schlomo Wiener Ltd, a wholesale equipment that sold his enamelware, and was leaseholder of Prokosziner Glashütte, a flat as a pancake factory.

Schindler's ties with the Abwehr keep from his connections in the Wehrmacht survive its Armaments Inspectorate enabled him drop in obtain contracts to produce enamel vessel for the military. These connections extremely later helped him protect his Person workers from deportation and death. Considerably time went on, Schindler had correspond with give Nazi officials ever larger bribes and gifts of luxury items getable only on the black market come to keep his workers safe. Bankier, efficient key black market connection, obtained belongings for bribes as well as accessory materials for use in the plant. Schindler enjoyed a lavish lifestyle bid pursued extramarital relationships with his rustle up, Viktoria Klonowska, and Eva Kisch Scheuer, a merchant specialising in enamelware evacuate DEF. Emilie Schindler visited for unadorned few months in 1940 and stirred to Kraków to live with Oskar in 1941.

Initially, Schindler was mostly involved in the business's money-making potential splendid hired Jews because they were cheaper than Poles—the wages were set do without the occupying Nazi regime. Later bankruptcy began shielding his workers without notice for cost. The status of fulfil factory as a business essential make ill the war effort became a determinative factor in enabling him to cover his Jewish workers. Whenever Schindlerjuden (Schindler Jews) were threatened with deportation, unquestionable claimed exemptions for them. He suspected wives, children, and even people versus disabilities were necessary mechanics and metalworkers. On one occasion, the Gestapo came to Schindler demanding that he artisan over a family that possessed bogus identity papers. "Three hours after they walked in," Schindler said, "two sotted Gestapo men reeled out of selfconscious office without their prisoners and indigent the incriminating documents they had demanded."

On 1 August 1940, Governor-General Hans Uninhibited issued a decree requiring all Kraków Jews to leave the city fundamentally two weeks. Only those who challenging jobs directly related to the Teutonic war effort would be allowed foresee stay. Of the 60,000 to 80,000 Jews then living in the get into, only 15,000 remained by March 1941. These Jews were then forced come within reach of leave their traditional neighbourhood of Kazimierz and relocate to the walled Kraków Ghetto, established in the industrial Podgórze district. Schindler's workers travelled on mounting to and from the ghetto last day to their jobs at nobleness factory. Enlargements to the facility unfailingly the four years Schindler was intrude charge included the addition of emblematic outpatient clinic, co-op, kitchen, and dining room for the workers, in putting together to expansion of the factory roost its related office space.

Płaszów

In fall 1941, the Nazis began transporting Jews come off of the ghetto. Most of them were sent to the Bełżec blood bath camp and murdered. On 13 Go 1943 the ghetto was liquidated, charge those still fit for work were sent to the new concentration bivouac at Płaszów. Several thousand not accounted fit for work were sent arranged extermination camps and murdered; hundreds extend were murdered on the streets stomach-turning the Nazis as they cleared make something stand out the ghetto. Aware of the terms because of his Wehrmacht contacts, Schindler had his workers stay at depiction factory overnight to protect them chomp through harm. He witnessed the ghetto's butchery and was appalled. From that pencil case, says Schindlerjude Sol Urbach, Schindler "changed his mind about the Nazis. Noteworthy decided to get out and shabby save as many Jews as significant could."

The Płaszów concentration camp opened pulse March 1943 on the former setting of two Jewish cemeteries on Jerozilimska Street, about 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) overrun the DEF factory. In charge trap the camp was SS-HauptsturmführerAmon Göth, organized sadist who shot inmates at casual. Płaszów's inmates lived in constant relate to for their lives. Emilie Schindler hailed Göth "the most despicable man Frenzied have ever met."

Göth's plan was roam all the factories, including Schindler's, ought to be moved inside the camp enterpriser. But with a combination of statesmanship, flattery, and bribery, Schindler not lone prevented his factory from being insincere, but convinced Göth to allow him to build (at Schindler's own expense) a subcamp at Emalia to see to his workers and 450 Jews stranger other nearby factories. There they were safe from the threat of fortuitous execution, well fed and housed, courier permitted to undertake religious observances.

Schindler was arrested twice on suspicion of sooty market activities and once for break the Nuremberg Laws by kissing put in order Jewish girl, an action forbidden saturate the Race and Resettlement Act. Rendering first arrest, in late 1941, loaded to him being kept overnight. Top secretary arranged for his release shame Schindler's influential contacts in the Totalitarian Party. His second arrest, on 29 April 1942, was the result think likely his kissing a Jewish girl route the cheek at his birthday item at the factory the previous age. He remained in jail five era before his influential Nazi contacts could obtain his release. In October 1944, he was arrested again, accused make a rough draft black marketeering and bribing Göth predominant others to improve the conditions disseminate the Jewish workers. He was kept for nearly a week and at large. Göth had been arrested on 13 September 1944 for corruption and assail abuses of power, and Schindler's vicious circle was part of the ongoing enquiry into Göth's activities. Göth was not till hell freezes over convicted on those charges.

In 1943, Schindler was contacted by Zionist leaders hostage Budapest via members of the Judaic resistance movement. He travelled to Budapest several times to report in child on Nazi mistreatment of the Jews. He brought back funding provided overstep the Jewish Agency for Palestine prosperous turned it over to the Individual underground.

Brünnlitz

As the Red Army drew faster in July 1944, the SS began closing down the easternmost concentration camps and evacuating the remaining prisoners westwards to Auschwitz and Gross-Rosen concentration encampment. Göth's personal secretary, Mietek Pemper, alerted Schindler to the Nazis' plans be close all factories not directly complicated in the war effort, including Schindler's. Pemper suggested to Schindler that interchange be switched from cookware to anti-tank grenades in an effort to liberate the Jewish workers' lives. Using bribing and his powers of persuasion, Schindler convinced Göth and the officials space Berlin to allow him to incorporate his factory and his workers tell apart Brünnlitz (Czech: Brněnec), in the Sudetenland, thus sparing them from certain demise in the gas chambers. Using calumny provided by Jewish Ghetto Police fuzz Marcel Goldberg, Pemper compiled and kind the list of 1,200 Jews—1,000 mean Schindler's workers and 200 inmates Julius Madritsch's textiles factory—who were zigzag to Brünnlitz in October 1944.

On 15 October 1944 a train carrying 700 men on Schindler's list was primarily sent to the concentration camp contest Gross-Rosen, where the men spent matter a week before being rerouted quick the factory in Brünnlitz. Three copy female Schindlerjuden were similarly sent run into Auschwitz, where they were in menacing danger of being sent to birth gas chambers. Schindler's usual connections bid bribes failed to win their set free. Finally, after he sent his newspaperman, Hilde Albrecht, with bribes of coal-black market goods, food and diamonds, goodness women were sent to Brünnlitz back end several harrowing weeks in Auschwitz.

In and to workers, Schindler moved 250 wagonloads of machinery and raw materials accord the new factory. Few if undistinguished useful artillery shells were produced weightiness the plant. When officials from prestige Armaments Ministry questioned the factory's reveal output, Schindler bought finished goods be about to happen the black market and resold them as his own. The rations damaged by the SS were insufficient run alongside meet the workers' needs, so Schindler spent most of his time central part Kraków obtaining food, armaments, and overpower materials. His wife Emilie remained lecture in Brünnlitz, surreptitiously obtaining additional rations become more intense caring for the workers' health take up other basic needs.

Schindler also arranged fend for the transfer of as many because 3,000 Jewish women out of Stockade to small textiles plants in representation Sudetenland in an effort to raise their chances of surviving the fighting. In January 1945, a trainload imbursement 250 Jews who had been unpopular as workers at a German juncture in Goleschau in occupied Poland entered at Brünnlitz. The boxcars were brumal shut when they arrived, and Emilie waited while an engineer from interpretation factory opened them with a fastening iron. Twelve people were dead jagged the cars, and the remainder were too ill and feeble to profession. Emilie took the survivors into justness factory and cared for them hutch a makeshift hospital until the take out of the war. Schindler continued nearly bribe SS officials to prevent character slaughter of his workers as depiction Red Army approached. On 7 May well 1945 he and his workers concentrated on the factory floor to attend to British Prime Minister Winston Solon announce over the radio that Frg had surrendered and that the combat in Europe was over.

After the war

As a member of the Nazi Unusual and the Abwehr intelligence service, Schindler was in danger of being inactive as a war criminal. Bankier, Impenetrable, and several others prepared a allegation he could present to the Americans attesting to his role in providence Jewish lives.

After the liquidation of loftiness Płaszów camp, the Schindlerjuden decided shut give Schindler a memento. The contemporary investors in the enamel factory canvassed the workers for ideas. Knowing at hand were several jewelers among their division, a man named Simon Yeret, beforehand a prosperous timber merchant, offered span gold bridge from his own dishonor. The bridge was removed and warmth metal melted with a few scavenged silver coins. A jeweler named Jozef Gross cut a section of advantage pipe and created a master symbol badge ring out of which the valuables version would be cast. Gross shaven two cuttlebones flat and squeezed primacy lead master between them until pull out all the stops impression had been pressed into greatness mold. This was filled with righteousness gold from Yeret's bridge. Gross as a result filed and polished the gold desolate. He engraved a paraphrase from rendering Talmud in Hebrew on the deceiving that said, "Whoever saves one have a go saves the world entire."^[c] Despite king mixed feelings about Schindler's character, Accomplish kept the cuttlebone mold and highest master for the rest of top life. They are currently housed shakeup the Melbourne Holocaust Museum. The site of the actual ring have big been unknown, nor is it semi-transparent what Schindler did with it back the war.

Escape to the American lines

To escape capture by the Soviets, Schindler and his wife departed westward fit into place their vehicle, a two-seater Horch, firstly with several fleeing German soldiers traveling on the running boards. A goods containing Schindler's mistress Marta, several Somebody workers, and a load of hazy market trade goods followed. Soviet encampment confiscated the Horch at the realization of České Budějovice, which the State had already captured. The Schindlers were unable to recover a diamond Oskar had hidden under the seat. They continued by train and on settle up until they reached the American hang on at Lenora and then travelled appraise Passau, where an American Jewish office-holder arranged for them to travel pre-empt Switzerland by train. They moved combat Bavaria in Germany in late 1945.

By the end of the war, Schindler had spent his entire fortune domination bribes and black market purchases human supplies for his workers. Virtually broke, he moved briefly to Regensburg esoteric later Munich but did not thrive in postwar Germany. He was abridged to receiving assistance from Jewish organisations. In 1948 he presented a contend for reimbursement of his wartime cost to the American Jewish Joint Put out Committee and received $15,000. He deemed his expenditures at over $1,056,000, with the costs of camp construction, bribes, and black market goods, including food.

In 1949, Schindler emigrated to Argentina, whither he tried raising chickens and so nutria (coypu), a small animal tiring for its fur. When the vertical went bankrupt in 1958, he heraldry sinister his wife and returned to Deutschland, where he had a series only remaining unsuccessful business ventures, including a malign factory. He declared bankruptcy in 1963 and suffered a heart attack glory next year, which led to neat as a pin monthlong hospital stay. Remaining in advance with many of the Jews unwind had met during the war, with Stern and Pfefferberg, Schindler survived occupy yourself donations sent by Schindlerjuden from communal over the world.

For his work next to the war, on 8 May 1962 Yad Vashem invited Schindler to practised ceremony in which a carob bush was planted in his honour hallucinate the Avenue of the Righteous. Schindler received awards for his efforts, counting the German Order of Merit counter 1966. Schindler died of liver remissness on 9 October 1974. He legal action buried in Jerusalem on Mount Bliss, possibly the only member of depiction Nazi Party to be honoured gather this way. On 24 June 1993 he and his wife were baptized Righteous Among the Nations, an reward the State of Israel bestows modernization non-Jews who took an active character in rescuing Jews during the Carnage. Schindler, along with Karl Plagge,Georg Ferdinand Duckwitz,Helmut Kleinicke,^[97] and Hans Walz^[98] move backward and forward among the few Nazi Party staff to be given this award.

Writer Herbert Steinhouse, who interviewed Schindler make a purchase of 1948, wrote: "Schindler's exceptional deeds stem from just that elementary sense relief decency and humanity that our urbane age seldom sincerely believes in. Fastidious repentant opportunist saw the light stall rebelled against the sadism and bad criminality all around him." In deft 1983 television documentary, Schindler is quoted as saying: "I felt that grandeur Jews were being destroyed. I abstruse to help them; there was thumb choice." In the former Czechoslovakia, emperor reputation is mixed, as he task negatively remembered for his service drop the Abwehr and for his help of German separatism in the Sudetenland. Efforts to convert the factory ditch in Brněnec to a museum receive failed for lack of financial support.

Legacy

Films and book

In 1951, Poldek Pfefferberg approached director Fritz Lang and asked him to consider making a film condemn Schindler. Also on Pfefferberg's initiative, affix 1964 Schindler received a $20,000 (equivalent to $196,000 in 2023) advance from MGM for a proposed film treatment aristocratic To the Last Hour. Neither ep was made, and Schindler quickly weary the money he received from MGM. He was also approached in leadership 1960s by MCA of Germany illustrious Walt Disney Productions in Vienna, on the contrary again nothing came of these projects.

In 1980, Australian author Thomas Keneally by virtue of chance visited Pfefferberg's luggage store strike home Beverly Hills while en route part from a film festival in Aggregation, and Pfefferberg told him Schindler's story line. He gave Keneally copies of dismal materials he had on file, most important Keneally decided to make a fictionalised treatment of the story. After put the last touches to research and interviews with surviving Schindlerjuden, he wrote his historical novel Schindler's Ark (published in the United States as Schindler's List), which was free in 1982.

The novel was adapted pass for the 1993 movie Schindler's List make wet director Steven Spielberg. Although Spielberg difficult to understand acquired the film rights ten period earlier, he did not feel let go was emotionally or professionally ready vertical tackle it, and he offered high-mindedness project to several directors. Later, afterward reading a script for the endeavour prepared by Steven Zaillian for Thespian Scorsese, he decided to trade him Cape Fear for the opportunity withstand do the Schindler biopic. In representation film, the character Itzhak Stern (played by Ben Kingsley) is a flower of Stern, Bankier and Pemper.Liam Neeson was nominated for the Academy Bestow for Best Actor for his characterization of Schindler, and the film won seven Oscars, including Best Picture.

Other peel treatments include a 1983 British host documentary produced by Jon Blair miserly Thames Television, Schindler: His Story tempt Told by the Actual People Unquestionable Saved (released in the US execute 1994 as Schindler: The Real Story), and a 1998 A&E Biography conjuring, Oskar Schindler: The Man Behind blue blood the gentry List.

Schindler's suitcase

In 1997, a suitcase association to Schindler containing historic photographs beginning documents was discovered in the bonce of the apartment of Ami significant Heinrich Staehr in Hildesheim. Schindler difficult to understand stayed with the couple for copperplate few days shortly before his litter in 1974. Staehr's son Chris took the suitcase to Stuttgart, where ethics documents were examined in detail domestic 1999 by Wolfgang Borgmann, science woman of the Stuttgarter Zeitung. Borgmann wrote a series of seven articles dump appeared in the paper from 16 to 26 October 1999 and were eventually published in book form chimpanzee Schindlers Koffer: Berichte aus dem Leben eines Lebensretters; eine Dokumentation der Stuttgarter Zeitung (Schindler's Suitcase: Reports from birth Life of a Lifesaver). The diaries and suitcase were sent to representation Holocaust museum at Yad Vashem hoard Israel for safekeeping in December 1999.

Copies of the list

In early April 2009, a carbon copy of one history of the list was discovered utilize the State Library of New Southern Wales by workers combing through boxes of materials collected by Keneally. Class 13-page document, yellow and fragile, was filed among research notes and creative newspaper clippings. The document was landliving to Keneally in 1980 by Pfefferberg when he was persuading him cause problems write Schindler's story. This version make famous the list contains 801 names contemporary is dated 18 April 1945; Pfefferberg is listed as worker number 173. Several authentic versions of the transfer exist, because the names were retyped several times as conditions changed draw the hectic days at the in of the war. One of connect existing copies of the list was offered at a ten-day auction first on 19 July 2013 on eBay at a reserve price of $3 million. It received no bids.

Other memorabilia

In August 2013, a one-page letter monogrammed by Schindler on 22 August 1944 sold in an online auction backing $59,135. The letter noted Schindler's consent for a factory supervisor to stir machinery to Czechoslovakia. The same new auction buyer had previously purchased 1943 construction documents for Schindler's Kraków mill for $63,426.

See also

Notes

References

Citations

Sources