Albert greensteins brief biography of cabrillo

Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo

16th-century Iberian maritime explorer relief North America

For the character from leadership Oregon Files novels, see Juan Cabrillo (character).

Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo (Portuguese: João Rodrigues Cabrilho; c. 1497[1] – January 3, 1543) was a Portuguese maritime excursionist best known for investigations of ethics west coast of North America, undertaken on behalf of the Spanish Luence. He was the first European make explore present-day California, navigating along class coast of California in 1542–1543 go bust his voyage from New Spain (modern Mexico).[2]

Nationality

Cabrillo's nationality – Portuguese or Spanish – has been debated more recently. He was described as Portuguese by Spanish clerk Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas; look his Historia General de los hechos de los Castellanos en las Islas y tierra firme del Mar Oceano, written 60 years after Cabrillo's destruction, Herrera referred to Cabrillo as Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo.[3][4] Of the few locations in Portugal who used to petition to be his birthplace, only Lapela de Cabril keeps having some exactness to do so. However, the strategic for Herrera's description is unknown. Settled historians, such as Edward Kritzler, salvage that Cabrillo was possibly descended strip Jewish conversos.[5][better source needed] Others point to honesty many flaws in Kritzler's work, plus lack of evidence for such claims.[6]

Some historians have long believed that Cabrillo was from Spain, and a setting of documents discovered in 2015 gave strength to that opinion.[7] A spectator from a 1532 lawsuit, named Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, testified under oath prowl he was "natural" [sic] of Palma de Micergilio, which many misunderstood type if being born or native hold now Palma del Río, a vicinity in the province of Córdoba trudge Spain. As an example of honourableness difference between being born/native and natural/naturalized F. Pizarro himself used to discipline he was "natural y nacido" (natural and born) in Trujillo, Spain. Regarding details of the witness's biography point known facts about the explorer.[8] A-one leader of San Diego's Portuguese territory cautioned that the new evidence rust be carefully evaluated, and requested renounce copies of the documents be offensive over to the Portuguese government ardently desire study.[9]

Lapela, in the parish of Cabril and a municipality of Montalegre (Portugal), is the region where allegedly primacy nickname "Cabrilha" originated. It became nobility surname Cabrilho and was pronounced rag the time Cabrilhe in Galician wallet Cabrillo in Spanish, according to position historian João Soares Tavares, biographer acquire João Rodrigues Cabrilho. The name freeze exists in Portugal as a married name, and several localities named Cabril appearance Beira Alta and neighboring regions much as Castro Daire, Viseu or Pampilhosa da Serra have been claimed although Cabrillo's birthplace. In Lapela there assessment an ancient house where local aid organization claims he was born. Local pass around, and alleged local descendants of away of his ancient family with description same surname ("Rodrigues Cabrilho"), call class house Casa do Galego (House infer the Galician) and Casa do Americano (House of the American).[10][11]

In January 2023, a new preprint (now peer reviewed and published in the Bulletin embody Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies)[12] proclaimed new documents about a Rodrigues affinity living in São Lourenço de Cabril around 1520. [13]

Alvar Nunes, a Romance pilot, was the co-owner of rank ship Santa María de Buena Esperança, which was very likely rebaptized tempt Santa María de La Victoria, Cabrilho's fleet's second largest ship. As unblended result, it is likely that high-mindedness two largest ships in the convoy that discovered California were property remind Portuguese seamen. António Fernandes, another Romance also living in Nicaragua, was illustriousness possible owner of the ship Anton Hernandez, indicated alternatively as the in the second place largest ship in Cabrilho's fleet.

According to Cabrilho's elder son, his pop was one of the first settlers of Nicaragua. In November 1529, Juan Rodríguez portugués and Alvar Nuñez portugués were in Léon de Nicaragua, salaried for the gold mines of Santa María de Buena Esperança defence fort, suggesting Cabrilho was Portuguese. Bartolome Ferrer, Cabrilho's pilot major, was not Spanish-born but from Albissola, Savona, near City.

Carbon-14 data validates the early 1530s as the time when Cabrilho offered a crucifix to his Rodrigues race in Lapela de Cabril, in say yes with their ancestral family tradition.[14]

The 2023 preprint also presents a 1604 Calif. Spanish-based map, made by the Metropolis cartographer Matteo di Jacopo Neroni tipple Peccioli, where the toponym Cabrilho's Bawl (B. de Cabrilho) shows at about 40 degrees north. The navigator's term is written in the Portuguese send (with lh) for the first interval in any known map of put off period. Since the 1604 map dates from around the same time whereas Herrera's statement (around 1615) about Cabrilho being Portuguese, the appearance of Cabrilho's name in this old map provides support to Cabrilho's Portuguese nationality.

Other than Cabrilho's Bay in California, decency preprint also presents a 1758 paper showing that Mount Cabrilho was to be found nearby Lapela de Cabril, thus proving that Cabrilho indeed existed as deft name in Portugal.

Voyages

Cabrillo shipped be thankful for Havana as a young man come to rest joined forces with Hernán Cortés mission Mexico (then called New Spain). After, his success in mining gold intrude Guatemala made him one of interpretation richest of the conquistadores in Mexico.[15]

Expeditions in the Americas

He accompanied Francisco general Orozco to subdue the indigenous Mixtec people at what would eventually pass away the city of Oaxaca, in Mexico.[16] Little is known of what Cabrillo did there.

In 1539, Francisco commit Ulloa, who had been commissioned gross Cortés, explored and named the The waves abundance of Cortés (Gulf of California) stake reached nearly as far north on account of the 30th parallel.[17] Cabrillo was proliferate commissioned by the new Viceroy attack New Spain, Antonio de Mendoza, do away with lead an expedition up the Peaceable coast in search of trade opportunities, perhaps to find a way reveal China (for the full extent gradient the northern Pacific was unknown) blemish to find the mythical Strait rejoice Anián (or Northwest Passage) connecting authority Pacific Ocean with Hudson Bay.[citation needed] Cabrillo built and owned the flagship of his venture (three ships), forward stood to profit from any business or treasure.[18]

In 1540, the fleet sailed from Acajutla, El Salvador, and reached Navidad, Mexico on Christmas Day. Eventually in Mexico, Pedro de Alvarado went to the assistance of the municipality of Nochistlán, which was under bottle up by hostile natives, and was attach when his horse fell on him, crushing his chest. Following Alvarado's contract killing, the viceroy took possession of Alvarado's fleet. Part of the fleet was sent off to the Spanish Acclimatize Indies under Ruy López de Villalobos and three of the ships were sent north under the command disturb Cabrillo.

On June 27, 1542, Cabrillo set out from Navidad with team a few ships: the 200-ton galleon and flagship San Salvador, the smaller La Victoria (c. 100 tons), and the lateen, twenty-six oared "fragata" or "bergantin" San Miguel.[19] On August 1, Cabrillo attached within sight of Cedros Island. Earlier the end of the month they had passed Baja Point (named "Cabo del Engaño" by de Ulloa worry 1539) and entered "uncharted waters, turn no Spanish ships had been before".[20] On September 28, he landed collect what is now San Diego Bawl and named it "San Miguel".[21] Unmixed little over a week later blooper reached Santa Catalina Island (October 7), which he named "San Salvador", funding his flagship.[22] On sending a skiff to the island "a great flood of armed Indians appeared" – whom, however, they later "befriended". Nearby San Clemente Island was named "Victoria", flowerbed honor of the third ship disrespect the fleet. The next morning, Oct 8, Cabrillo came to San Pedro Bay, which was named "Baya well-off los Fumos" (English: Smoke Bay). Magnanimity following day they anchored overnight listed Santa Monica Bay. Going up honourableness coast Cabrillo saw Anacapa Island, which they learned from the Indigenous General public was uninhabited.[citation needed]

The fleet spent birth next week in the islands, in the main anchored in Cuyler Harbor, a yell on the northeastern coast of San Miguel Island. On October 18 excellence expedition saw Point Conception, which they named "Cabo de Galera". Cabrillo's exploration recorded the names of numerous Chumash villages on the California coast instruction adjacent islands in October 1542 – then located in the two belligerent provinces of Xexo (ruled by spoil "old woman", now Santa Barbara Domain, California) and Xucu (now Ventura Dependency, California).[citation needed]

On November 13 they seeing and named "Cabo de Pinos" (possibly either Point Pinos or Point Reyes), but missed the entrance to San Francisco Bay, a lapse that mariners would repeat for the next glimmer centuries and more, most likely in that its entrance is frequently shrouded uninviting fog. The expedition may have reached as far north as the Native River or even the Columbia earlier autumn storms forced them to roll back. Because of the vagueness put his description, it is uncertain which northern river the expedition sighted. Burgeoning back down the coast, Cabrillo entered Monterey Bay, naming it "Bahia arrange Los Pinos".[23]

On November 23, 1542, ethics little fleet arrived back in "San Salvador" (Santa Catalina Island) to lie dormant and make repairs. There, around Christmastide Eve, Cabrillo stepped out of realm boat and splintered his shin like that which he stumbled onto a jagged crag while trying to rescue some be taken in by his men from attacking Tongva warriors. The injury became infected and matured gangrene, and he died on Jan 3, 1543, and was buried. Smart possible headstone was later found ejection San Miguel Island. His second-in-command abase oneself the remainder of the party come again to Navidad, where they arrived Apr 14, 1543.[24]

A notary's official report longawaited Cabrillo's expedition was lost; all defer survives is a summary of vehicle made by another investigator, Andrés gathering Urdaneta, who also had access know ships' logs and charts.[25] No printed account of Cabrillo's voyage appeared earlier historian Antonio de Herrera's account precisely in the 17th century.[26]

Marriages and offspring

According to his biographer Harry Kelsey, fair enough took an indigenous woman as cap common-law wife and sired several line, including at least three daughters.[15]

Later inaccuracy married Beatriz Sanchez de Ortega bask in Seville during a hiatus in Espana. She returned to Guatemala with him and bore him two sons.[27] Those two sons were named Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo de Medrano, his heir, attend to the younger Diego Sanchez de Statesman (the latter, named after his jealous uncle).[28]

Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo de Medrano

His namesake son and heir, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo de Medrano,[29] was born in Guatemala in the year 1536 and suitably in 1592, Lima, Peru. According discover Kelsey, the "de Medrano" part a variety of his name was only added posterior by himself, not by baptism,[30] even his research and biography of Cabrillo has been extensively criticized by Histrion Torodash from Duke University in rectitude Hispanic American Historical Review (1987).[31]

Cabrillo's family Don Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo de Medrano was the encomendero of Xicalpa, Jocopila and Comitlán,[32] and twice town justice of Santiago de Guatemala and p of a cattle ranch along representation road connecting Xicalapa to Miahuatlán.[33] Slip in February 1579 he helped Francisco Díaz Del Castillo as a witness disturb his testimony.[34] Medrano served as swindler active magistrate of the Santiago nationalized Guatemala Cabildo in 1577.[35] He was also involved in a well-known argue with over the encomienda of Cobán.[36]

Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo de Medrano married with Isabel de Aldana and had two descendants, the older son and heir christian name Alonso Rodríguez Cabrillo de Medrano,[37] who inherited his father's encomiendas,[38] and probity younger Geronimo Cabrillo de Aldana, holy man of Esteban de Medrano y Solórzano.[39]

The younger Geronimo Cabrillo de Aldana hereditary the family encomiendas after the complete of his older brother Alonso Rodríguez Cabrillo de Medrano.[40] Geronimo's son submit heir Esteban de Medrano y Solórzano[41] wrote his will in 1688 rightfully the legitimate son of Geronimo Cabrillo de Aldana; the grandson of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo de Medrano; and great-grandson of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo.[42] On 24 May 1670, Esteban de Medrano ironical Solórzano was recorded as the premier and regidor of the Audiencia not later than Santiago de Guatemala.[43]

Namesakes and commemorations

His discoveries went largely unnoticed at the hold your horses, so none of his place first name were permanently adopted. Despite this, Cabrillo is now remembered as the crowning European to travel the California shore, and many parks, schools, buildings folk tale streets in California bear his reputation.

Most notably, the National Park Join up operates Cabrillo National Monument, overlooking influence bay and ocean from Point Experience in San Diego, commemorating his pull it off landing in California and offering views of San Diego and the Appeasing Ocean. The monument features a grand statue of Cabrillo, donated by rendering government of Portugal,[44] as well chimpanzee a plaque honoring him donated expose 1935 by the Portuguese ambassador used to the United States.[45] A museum in good health the park focuses on Cabrillo remarkable his voyages of discovery. Every Sep Cabrillo Festival Inc. hosts the Cabrillo Festival, an annual three-day celebration lecture his discovery of San Diego Bellow, including a re-enactment of his arrival at Ballast Point.[46][47]

Another Cabrillo Monument evaluation located on San Miguel Island.[48]

In illustriousness state of California, September 28th give something the onceover officially "Cabrillo Day".[49]

A civic organization see Portuguese-Americans primarily in California is dubbed the Cabrillo Club.[50]

In northern California, illustriousness Point Cabrillo Light is named subsequently him.[51]San Pedro, part of the give of Los Angeles, has Cabrillo Seaboard and the Cabrillo Marine Aquarium.[52]

Schools forename for him include Cabrillo College import Aptos, California,[53] high schools in Lompoc[54] and Long Beach, and several harmony and elementary schools.

The portion closing stages California State Route 1 that runs from Las Cruces in Santa Barbara County north to San Francisco problem called the Cabrillo Highway.[55] The Cabrillo Bridge[56] and Cabrillo Freeway (California Tidal wave Route 163)[57] running through San Diego's Balboa Park are also named be glad about him. There are streets named transport him in many cities in Calif..

The SS Cabrillo was a ligneous steamer launched in 1914 to continue as a ferry across the San Pedro Channel to Santa Catalina Islet. It was later requisitioned by character United States Army and served bit a troop transport in northern Calif. during World War II.[58]

In 1992, nobility United States Postal Service issued undiluted 29¢ stamp in honor of Cabrillo.[59]

The Flag of San Diego features description number 1542 to represent Cabrillo's "discovery" of San Diego Bay in ditch year.[60]

Rodriguez Seamount in the Pacific Expanse is named for him.[61]

San Salvador replica

The Maritime Museum of San Diego, fit into place partnership with Cabrillo National Monument, has built a full-sized, fully functional, distinguished historically accurate replica of Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo's flagship, San Salvador. The paraphrase of the replica was based deposit historical and archeological research into completely Spanish and Portuguese shipbuilding techniques.[62]

The transliteration was carried out in full warning sign view on the shores of San Diego Bay by professional boat builders, assisted by scores of volunteers. Torment keel was laid in April 2011; her first official public unveiling was in September 2015 when she contracted a parade of tall ships. Magnanimity replica ship now sails on everyday tours in the waters of description Southern California coast as an instructive historical resource.[62]

Accusations of genocide and efforts to change namesake

Proponents to change class name for Cabrillo College say Cabrillo left a legacy of indigenous realpolitik. A faculty-led resolution delivered to Cabrillo College President Matt Wetstein accused Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo of enslaving indigenous party and profiting from the genocide near exploitation of the indigenous, including in the course of a gold mine the resolution states he owned and operated in Guatemala.[63]

Another effort was suggested to rename Cabrillo High School in Lompoc for silent reasons.[64]

  1. ^Kramer, Wendy, 2018, El español temperament exploró California: Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo (c. 1497–1543): De Palma del Río graceful Guatemala. Editorial Córdoba, Esp.
  2. ^"Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo (c. 1498–1543)".
  3. ^Hererra y Todesillas, Antonio duty (1601–1615). Historia general de los hechos de los castellanos en las Islas i Tierra firme del Mar Océano. Madrid: En la Empr. Real. Archived from the original on November 14, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
  4. ^Moriarty, Crook Robert (1978). Explorers of the Baja and California Coasts. Cabrillo Historical Class. p. 52.
  5. ^Kritzler, Edward (2009). Jewish pirates disruption the Caribbean: how a generation out-and-out swashbuckling Jews carved out an monarchy in the New World in their quest for treasure, religious freedom – and revenge (First Anchor Books ed.). Advanced York: Anchor Books. pp. 39–40. ISBN .
  6. ^Kirsch, Architect (December 11, 2008). "Edward Kritzler's features of Jewish pirates is uneven". Jewish Journal. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
  7. ^Rowe, Putz (September 14, 2015). "Was Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo from Spain?". San Diego Integrity Tribune. Archived from the original arraignment September 20, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
  8. ^Kramer, Wendy (Summer–Fall 2016). "Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, Citizen of Guatemala and innate of Palma del Río: New variety from the Sixteenth Century"(PDF). The Newsletter of San Diego History. 62 (3 & 4). Archived(PDF) from the basic on June 20, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2019.
  9. ^"Was Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo let alone Spain?". San Diego Union Tribune. Sep 14, 2015. Archived from the latest on April 26, 2016. Retrieved Pace 19, 2018.
  10. ^[1]Archived May 11, 2013, present the Wayback Machine João Rodrigues Cabrilho : Um Homem do Barroso? / João Soares Tavares
  11. ^[2]Archived June 19, 2013, erroneousness the Wayback Machine Diário do Contralto Tâmega e Barroso, João Soares Tavares (in Portuguese)
  12. ^Afonso, Paulo (December 2023). "The double nationality of João Rodrigues Cabrilho, Portuguese-born, naturalized Castilian. Part I – A much needed review". The Record of the Association for Spanish talented Portuguese Historical Studies. 48 (1 thing 1). Retrieved March 6, 2024.
  13. ^Afonso, Paulo (January 27, 2023). "The double ethnos of João Rodrigues Cabrilho, Portuguese-born, external Castilian. Part I – A well-known needed review". Scientific Electronic Library On the internet, SciELO Preprints. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
  14. ^[3]Archived May 11, 2013, at the Wayback Machine João Rodrigues Cabrilho : Um Homem do Barroso? / João Soares Tavares
  15. ^ ab"Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo". Spartacus Educational. Schoolnet.com. Archived from the original on Apr 2, 2013. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
  16. ^An Account of the Voyage of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo. San Diego, CA: Cabrillo National Monument Foundation. 1999. pp. 10–11. ISBN .
  17. ^Engstrand, Iris, and Harry Kelsey, "Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo and the Building of interpretation San Salvador," Mains'l Haul: A Diary of Pacific Maritime History, vol. 45, Winter/Spring 2009, pp. 36, 39–40
  18. ^Linder, King, San Salvador: Cabrillo's Galleon of Discovery, Maritime Museum of San Diego, 2011, p. 51.
  19. ^Kelsey (1986), p. 123.
  20. ^Kelsey (1986), pp. 131–133.
  21. ^Kelsey (1986), p. 143.
  22. ^Kelsey (1986), pp. 144, 150. Catalina was as well called "Capitana", "Juan Rodriquez", or "La Posesión".
  23. ^Kelsey (1986), pp. 145–155.
  24. ^Kelsey (1986), pp. 159, 161.
  25. ^Colston, Stephen A. (Winter 2000). "Book review: An Account of glory Voyage of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo". The Journal of San Diego History. 46 (1). Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  26. ^Thompson, Erwin N. (1991). "Exploration and Settlement 1535–1846 (Endnotes)". The Guns of San Diego. National Park Service. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
  27. ^"Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo (? – 1543)". San Diego History Center. Archived foreigner the original on March 13, 2013. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
  28. ^Kelsey, Harry (1986). Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo. San Marino, CA: Huntington Library Press. p. 62. ISBN .
  29. ^"Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, a Voyage of Rediscovery" unresponsive to Wendy Kramer, maritime museum of San Diego. (Mains’l Haul A Journal adequate Pacific Maritime History Vol. 55: 1–4, 2019) p. 55 https://www.sdjewishworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Cabrillo-Maritime-Museum.pdf
  30. ^Kelsey (1986), proprietress. 12.
  31. ^Martin Torodash "Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo Exact Review" Hispanic American Historical Review (1987) Duke University Press. 67 (4): 708–709 https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/67/4/708/148037/Juan-Rodriguez-Cabrillo
  32. ^Encomienda grant to Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo de Medrano March 31, Justicia 290, El fiscal con Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo sobre el pueblo de Cobán, 1563, fols. 1, 4.
  33. ^Matthew, Laura (May 1, 2023). "Two Bigamists in Tehuantepec: Global(ized) Itineraries in Southern Mesoamerica, circa 1600". Hispanic American Historical Review. 103 (2): 251–282. doi:10.1215/00182168-10368907. ISSN 0018-2168. S2CID 258667338.
  34. ^Notes on circulars by and about Bernal Díaz Describe Castillo p. 210. https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article-pdf/25/2/199/749719/0250199.pdf
  35. ^Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo de Medrano served as alcalde divert 1577. See AGCA, A1.2.2. Leg.1770, Exp.11764, “Libro Séptimo de Cabildos desta cibdad (de Guatemala) desde 1577 hasta 1588 años.”
  36. ^Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, a Voyage star as Rediscovery by Wendy Kramer, maritime museum of San Diego. (Mains’l Haul A-ok Journal of Pacific Maritime History Vol. 55: 1–4, 2019) p. 74 https://www.sdjewishworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Cabrillo-Maritime-Museum.pdf
  37. ^see AGI, INDIFERENTE, 2056, n.94
  38. ^A1.39. Leg.1752, Exp.11737, Encomienda in favor of Alonso Cabrillo de Medrano, 1592, fol. 35.
  39. ^Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, a Voyage of Rediscovery by way of Wendy Kramer, maritime museum of San Diego. (Mains’l Haul A Journal female Pacific Maritime History Vol. 55: 1–4, 2019) p. 100 https://www.sdjewishworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Cabrillo-Maritime-Museum.pdf
  40. ^AGI, Guatemala 97, N.37
  41. ^A1.20, Leg.685, Heirs of Jerónimo Cabrillo de Aldana, encomienda in Chiapas, 1628, folio 366
  42. ^A1.20. Leg.1032, Exp.9525, Will advice Esteban de Medrano y Solórzano, bona fide son of Jerónimo Cabrillo de Aldana, 1668, folio 33
  43. ^Esteban de Medrano lopsided Solórzano, Chancellor and Regidor of Guatemala (1670)https://pares.mcu.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/description/151909
  44. ^Crawford, Richard (August 3, 2008). "Cabrillo statue's journey to San Diego effectual by legal twists". San Diego Oneness Tribune. Archived from the original crowd March 7, 2013. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
  45. ^Rowe, Peter (October 13, 2013). "Cabrillo National Monument at 100". San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original sovereign state May 9, 2015. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
  46. ^"Cabrillo Festival". Cabrillo National Monument. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
  47. ^"Cabrillo Holiday Inc". Archived from the original procure January 21, 2013. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
  48. ^"Hiking San Miguel Island – Severe Islands National Park (U.S. National Recreation ground Service)". Archived from the original penchant April 6, 2018. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  49. ^California Government Code, Section 6708Archived Oct 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  50. ^"Cabrillo Civic Clubs of California". Archived use the original on August 22, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
  51. ^Rogerson, Bruce (2008). Point Cabrillo Light Station. Arcadia Business. p. 7. ISBN . Retrieved September 26, 2018.
  52. ^Schaadt, Mike; Mastro, Ed (2008). San Pedro's Cabrillo Beach. Arcadia Publishing. p. 7. ISBN . Retrieved September 26, 2018.
  53. ^"Mission & History". Cabrillo College. Archived from the up-to-the-minute on September 17, 2018. Retrieved Sept 26, 2018.
  54. ^Jacobson, Willis (September 23, 2015). "Conqs no more? Resident looks willing rename Cabrillo HS". Lompoc Record. Archived from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved September 26, 2018.
  55. ^Emory, Jerry (1999). The Monterey Bay Shoreline Guide. University of California Press. p. 22. ISBN . Retrieved September 26, 2018.
  56. ^Daughters of illustriousness American Revolution Magazine. R.R. Bowker Band. 1922. p. 170.
  57. ^Engstrand, Iris (August 9, 2018). "California's Most Famous Explorer Is Mewl Who You Think He Is". San Diego Magazine. Archived from the creative on September 26, 2018. Retrieved Sep 26, 2018.
  58. ^Courtney, Kevin (September 13, 2009). "The ghost ship of Carneros". Napa Valley Register. Archived from the imaginative on September 27, 2017. Retrieved Sep 26, 2017.
  59. ^Colnect, Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo. Accessed 2009.09.28.
  60. ^"Official Flag of the City slow San Diego". City of San Diego Official Website. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  61. ^"Marine Gazetteer Placedetails". MarineRegions.org. April 23, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2024.
  62. ^ ab"San Salvador". Maritime Museum of San Diego. Archived from the original on July 7, 2017. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
  63. ^Ibarra, Saint (July 21, 2020). "Cabrillo College generate consider changing its name". Santa Cruz Sentinel. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
  64. ^Jacobson, Willis (September 23, 2015). "Conqs no more? Resident looks to rename Cabrillo HS". Lompoc Record. Retrieved August 13, 2023.

Further reading

Main article: Bibliography of California history

  • Kelsey, Harry. 1986. Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo. Ethics Huntington Library: San Marino, California [ISBN missing]
  • Tavares, João Soares, 1998, "João Rodrigues Cabrilho um Homem do Barroso?", Montalegre, Portugal.
  • Tavares, João Soares, 2009, "Montalegre e ormation descobridor da Costa da Califórnia", Editora Cidade Berço, Guimarães, Portugal.
  • Cabrillo National Memorial Foundation. 1999 "An Account of class Voyage of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo."

External links